Calculus with Analytic Geometry

Rectangular Coordinates
ROLANDO S. MERLE CSTC_BSED2
Rectangular Coordinate Plane
• Cartesian Plane
• Four quadrants
• Point is (x, y)

• Graph A(3, 2)
• Graph B(-1, 4)
Rectangular Coordinates
• Distance Formula
• Pythagorean Theorem
Rectangular Coordinates
• Midpoint formula
• Average of the points (mean)
Rectangular Coordinates
• Find the (a) distance and (b)
midpoint between (-1, 3) and (2, -5)
Graphs of Equations
• Basic graphing method
• Make a table
• Choose x, Calculate y

• Graph
 Graph of Equations
• Intercepts
• Point where a graph crosses the
axes

• To find the intercepts

• x-intercept
• Let and solve for x
• y-intercept
• Let and solve for y
1-02 Graphs of Equations
• Find the intercepts of
 Graph of Equations
• Circles

• where (h, k) is the center

• And r is the radius

• Graph
1-03 Linear Equations in 2 Variables
• Slope-intercept form • To graph a line (shortcut)
1. Plot y-intercept
• m = slope (rate of change) 2. Follow the slope to get a
• (0, b) = y-intercept couple more points
3. Draw a line through the
points
• horizontal line
• vertical line
 Linear Equations
• Find the slope and y-intercept
and graph
 Linear Equations
• Slope

• If slope is
• m > 0 → rises
• m = 0 → horizontal
• m < 0 → falls
• m undefined → vertical
Linear Equations
• Find the slope of the line passing through (-3, -2) and (1, 6)

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Linear Equations
• Write Linear Equations • Find slope-intercept form of
the line passing through (0, -2)
1. Find slope (m) with m = 3.
2. Find a point on the line
3. Use point-slope form
Linear Equations
• Parallel and Penpendicular • Find the equation of the line
• Parallel → same slope passing through and
perpendicular to:
• Perpendicular → slopes are
.
negative reciprocals
 Functions and Functional Notation
• Relation
EXAMPLES • Rule that relates 2 quantities
• Function
• Special relation
• A function f from set A to set B
is a relation that assigns each
element x in set A to exactly one
element in set B
• Set A: input domain
• Set B: ouput range
Functions
• Is this a function

2
𝑥 +𝑦=4
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -1 0 1 8
Functions
• Functional Notation • Evaluate
Functions
• Piecewise functions

𝑓 (2)
• Function made of more than
one function with specific
domains

• Evaluate
Functions
• Domain of a function • What is the domain?
• Implied domain - all real
numbers for which the
expression is defined
• Interval notation
• [ ] means =
• ( ) means ≠
• (2, 7] means
Functions
• Difference Quotient

• Simplify the difference

quotient for
 Graphs of Functions
• Find the domain and range
from a graph
• Domain: part of x-axis
covered by graph
• Range: part of y-axis covered
by graph
 Graphs of Functions
• Vertical Line Test
• A graph represents a function if no vertical line can touch 2 points
on the graph

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Graphs of Functions
• Zeros of a function • Find the zeros of
• x-value such that
• x-intercepts
• To find, make and solve for x
Graphs of Functions
• Increasing (rises from left to
right)
• Decreasing (falls from left to
right)
• Constant (horizontal)
• Relative minimum (lowest
point in area)
• Relative maximum (highest
point in area)
 Graphs of Functions
• Rate of Change
• Average rate of change = slope between 2 points

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Tool-Kit Functions
constant function f(x) = c,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is the set {c} that
contains this single element.
• Neither increasing or
decreasing.
• Symmetric over the y-axis
Tool-Kit Functions
identity function f(x) = x,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increases from (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
Tool-Kit Functions
absolute value function,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is [0, ∞).
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis
Tool-Kit Functions
quadratic function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is only nonnegative
real numbers, [0, ∞).
• Decreasing over (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
Tool-Kit Functions
cubic function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing on (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
Tool-Kit Functions
reciprocal function ,
• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x|x ≠ 0}.
• Range is all real numbers
except 0, {y|y ≠ 0}.
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and (0,
∞).
• Symmetric about the origin
and over the lines y = x and y =
−x.
Tool-Kit Functions
reciprocal squared function ,
• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x|x ≠ 0}.
• Range is only positive real
numbers, (0, ∞).
• Increasing on (−∞, 0) and
decreasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
Tool-Kit Functions
square root function
• Domain is 0 or greater, [0,
∞).
• Range is 0 or greater, [0, ∞).
• Increasing on (0, ∞).
• No symmetry.
Tool-Kit Functions
cube root function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing over (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
MOVEMENT OF THE FUNCTIONS

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
ROLANDO MERLE CSTC – BESD 2
Transformations of Functions
• Translations (shift) • For , write a function with a
• Moves the graph vertical shift of 3 down and 2
right.
• Horizontal

• c shifts right
• Vertical

• d shifts up
Transformations of Functions
• Reflections • Dilations
• x-axis • Stretch/Shrink
• Vertical • Horizontal

• Stretch by
• y-axis
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Stretch by a
 Transformations of Functions
• Put it all together

• a = vertical stretch
• = horizontal stretch
• c = horizontal shift right
• d = vertical shift up

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC-BSED2

Transformations of Functions
• Given
• Identify the Tool-Kit function
• Describe the transformations
• Sketch the graph
• Use functional notation to
write g in terms of f
Transformations of Functions
• Write the function for
Combinations of Functions
• Add • If and , find
• Subtract
• Multiply
• Divide
 Combinations of Functions
• Composition • Domain of is all x in domain of
g such that is in the domain of
f.
• Substitute g into f
• x→g→f

• If and , find
• If and , find the domain of
Combinations of Functions
• Decompose • Decompose
• Find and so that
• Pick a portion to be g(x), then
replace that with x to get f(x)
• Decompose
Inverse Functions
• Inverse functions • Verify that and
• Switch x and y are inverses
• Switch inputs and outputs

• Verify inverses by showing

• and
Inverse Functions
• Graphs of inverses • One-to-one
• Reflected over line • A function is one-to-one if each
y corresponds to exactly one x.
• Passes the horizontal line test
• Inverse of a 1-to-1 is a function
Inverse Functions
• Finding inverses • Find the inverse of
1. Replace f(x) with y
2. Switch x and y
3. Solve for y
4. If you did step 1, replace y
with f (x)
-1
Inverse Functions
• Find the inverse of

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC-BSED2

Math Modeling
• Mathematical modeling
• Find a function to fit data points

• Least squares regression (linear)

• Gives the best fitting line
• The amount of error is given by the correlation coefficient (r)
Math Modeling
• Number (in 1000s) of female • On TI-graphing
USAF personnel, P, on active • STAT ∨ Edit... and enter data
duty
• STAT → CALC ∨ LinReg(ax+b)
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
P 66.8 67.6 71.5 73.5 73.8
• Find a model with t=0 being
2000
Math Modeling
• Real-Life Problems
• Slope = rate of change

• Interpolation
• Within data
• Small error
• Extrapolation
• Outside of data
• Possibly huge error
 Math Modeling
• Variations • A company found the demand
• Direct for its product varies inversely
as the price of the product.
When the price is $2.75, the
• Inverse demand is 600 units. Write an
equation.
• Joint

• a = constant of variation