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Historigram

The document discusses various types of graphs used to represent frequency distributions: 1) A histogram displays the frequency distribution of data using bars of different heights, with the height of each bar corresponding to the frequency of values within a given interval. 2) A frequency polygon connects the midpoints of the bars on a histogram with line segments to show the overall shape of the distribution. 3) A frequency curve draws a smooth curve through the points on a frequency polygon to represent continuous distributions with large sample sizes. 4) An ogive, or cumulative histogram, plots the cumulative frequencies to show the proportion of values that fall below or above each class.

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Muhammad Ahmad
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476 views6 pages

Historigram

The document discusses various types of graphs used to represent frequency distributions: 1) A histogram displays the frequency distribution of data using bars of different heights, with the height of each bar corresponding to the frequency of values within a given interval. 2) A frequency polygon connects the midpoints of the bars on a histogram with line segments to show the overall shape of the distribution. 3) A frequency curve draws a smooth curve through the points on a frequency polygon to represent continuous distributions with large sample sizes. 4) An ogive, or cumulative histogram, plots the cumulative frequencies to show the proportion of values that fall below or above each class.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Historigram

A curve showing changes in the value of one or more items from one period of time to the next is
known as Histogram. Thus a historigram displays the variations in time series . The construction of a
historigram involves the following steps described below:
•Use an appropriate scale and take time tt along xx-axis as an independent variable.
•Use an appropriate scale, plot the observed values of variable YY as a dependent variable against the
given points of time.
•Join the plotted points by line segments to get the required graphical representation.
Histograms
• A histogram consists of a set of adjacent rectangles whose
bases are marked off by class boundaries on the X-axis and
whose heights are proportional to the frequencies associated
with respective classes.
• To make a histogram, follow these steps:
• On the vertical axis, place frequencies. Label this axis
"Frequency".
• On the horizontal axis, place the lower value of each interval.
...
• Draw a bar extending from the lower value of each interval
to the lower value of the next interval.
Uses of Histogram:
• to display large amounts of data values in a relatively simple
chart form.
• to tell relative frequency of occurrence.
• to easily see the distribution of the data.
• to see if there is variation in the data.
• to make future predictions based on the data
Frequency Polygon
• A frequency polygon is a graph constructed by using lines to join
the midpoints of each interval, or bin. The heights of the points
represent the frequencies. A frequency polygon can be created
from the histogram or by calculating the midpoints of the bins from
the frequency distribution table. The midpoint of a bin is calculated
by adding the upper and lower boundary values of the bin and
dividing the sum by 2.

• Steps to Draw a Frequency Polygon


• Mark all the class marks on the horizontal axis. It is also known as
the mid-value of every class.
• Corresponding to each class mark, plot the frequency as given to
you. ...
• Join all the plotted points using a line segment. ...
• This resulting curve is called the frequency polygon.

In computer graphics, a polygon is a primitive used in modelling and


rendering. They are defined in a database, containing arrays of vertices
(the coordinates of the geometrical vertices, as well as other attributes
of the polygon
Frequency curve
• A smooth curve which corresponds to the
limiting case of a histogram computed for
a frequency distribution of a
continuous distribution as the number of data
points becomes very large.
Construction:
• Draw and mark the horizontal and vertical axes.
Take the cumulative frequencies along the y-axis
(vertical axis) and the lower-class limits on the x-
axis (horizontal axis). Against each lower-class
limit, plot the cumulative frequencies. Connect
the points with a continuous curve.
• Frequency curves have many uses in hydrol- ogy.
Flood-frequency curves are widely used in the
design of bridge openings, channel capaci- ties, and
roadbed elevations; for flood-plain zoning; and in
studies of economics of flood- protection works
Ogive
Cumulative histograms, also known as ogives, are graphs that can be used
to determine how many data values lie above or below a particular value
in a data set. The cumulative frequency is calculated from a frequency
table, by adding each frequency to the total of the frequencies of all data
values before it in the data set. The last value for the cumulative frequency
will always be equal to the total number of data values, since all
frequencies will already have been added to the previous total.
• There are two types of ogives :
• Less than ogive : Plot the points with the upper limits of the class as
abscissae and the corresponding less than cumulative frequencies as
ordinates. The points are joined by free hand smooth curve to give less
than cumulative frequency curve or the less than Ogive. It is a rising
curve.
• Greater than ogive : Plot the points with the lower limits of the classes
as abscissa and the corresponding Greater than cumulative frequencies
as ordinates. Join the points by a free hand smooth curve to get the
“More than Ogive”. It is a falling curve.

An ogive is drawn by:


•plotting the beginning of the first interval at a yy-value of zero;
•plotting the end of every interval at the yy-value equal to the cumulative
count for that interval; and
•connecting the points on the plot with straight lines.

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