Unix and shell programming -

15CS35
SEMESTER – III
04-08-2016
Syllabus and course outcomes

 Link for syllabus

Operating system

 The operating system (OS) is the most important program that runs

on a computer.
 Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to
run other programs and applications.
 It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and 
users running at the same time do not interfere with each other.
 The operating system is also responsible for security, it ensuring
that unauthorized users do not access the system.
Diagram
Classification of Operating systems

 Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same

time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of
concurrent users.
 Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one 
CPU.
 Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
 Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run
concurrently.
 Real time: Responds to input instantly.
overview

 Operating systems provide a software platform on

top of which other programs, called application
 programs, can run
 The application programs must be written to run
on top of a particular operating system.
 Interacting With the Operating System

 As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set
of commands.
 For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as
COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files,
respectively
 The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating
system called thecommand processor or command line interpreter. 
 Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and 
clicking at objects that appear on the screen.
System

 A group of interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a

task.

 A computer system refers to the hardware and software components

that run a computer or computers.
 An information system is a system that collects and stores data.
 System often simply refers to the operating system.
Operating system
Definition

 An operating system (OS)
Is system software that manages computer hardware and 
software resources and provides common services for 
computer programs.
 Application programs usually require an operating system
to function.
 Types of operating systems

 Single- and multi-tasking

A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a 
multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running
in concurrency.
 Single- and multi-user
Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish
users, but may allow multiple programs to run.  A multi-user
 operating system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with
facilities that identify processes and resources
Continued…..

 Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.
 Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in 
embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate
on small machines
Clear picture on what we understood
Memory Management

 Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or

Main Memory.
 Main memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or
byte has its own address.
 Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly
by the CPU.
 For a program to be executed, it must in the main memory.
 Allocates the memory and De-allocates the memory
 Processor Management

 In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which

process gets the processor when and for how much time.
 This function is called process scheduling.
 An operating system keep track of Keeps tracks of processor
and status of process.. Also it Allocates and De-allocates the
processor (CPU) to a process.
 Device Management

 An Operating System manages device communication via their

respective drivers.
OS does:
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as
the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way and De-allocates devices.
 File Management

 A file system is normally organized into directories for easy

navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and
other directions.
OS does:
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective
facilities are often known as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
Other Important Activities of OS

 Security 
 Control over system performance 
 Job accounting 
 Error detecting aids 
 Coordination between other software's and users 
Components of Unix System

 Unix Operating System has primarily three components

Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this
operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying
hardware.
System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs using which application
programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features.
System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual level
tasks.
What is Unix ?

 The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the
computer and the user.
 The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the
details of the computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel.
 Users communicates with the kernel through a program known as the shell.
 The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user
and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel.
 Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs,
including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie
Continued…

 There are various Unix variants available in the market.

Solaris Unix, AIX, HP Unix and BSD are few examples.
Linux is also a flavor of Unix which is freely available.
 Several people can use a UNIX computer at the same
time; hence UNIX is called a multiuser system.
 A user can also run multiple programs at the same time;
hence UNIX is called multitasking.
Following are some of the important features
of Unix Operating System
 Portable
 Open Source 
 Multi-User 
 Multiprogramming
 Hierarchical File System 
 Shell
 Security
ARCHITECTURE
Unix Architecture
 Components

 Kernel: The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It

interacts with hardware and most of the tasks like memory
management, task scheduling and file management.
 Shell: The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When
you type in a command at your terminal, the shell interprets the
command and calls the program that you want.
C Shell, Bourne Shell and Korn Shell are most famous shells
which are available with most of the Unix variants.
Continued…

 Commands and Utilities: There are various command and utilities

which you would use in your day to day activities. cp, mv, cat and
grep etc.
 Files and Directories: All data in UNIX is organized into files. All
files are organized into directories. These directories are organized
into a tree-like structure called the file system.
 Features

Main Features of UNIX

 This section contains a brief overview of the main features of
UNIX.
 multi-user
more than one user can use the machine at a time supported via
terminals (serial or network connection)
 multi-tasking, more than one program can be run at a time
 hierarchical directory structure, to support the organization
and maintenance of files
 portability
 Hierarchical File System
28
29 Shells

What is a shell?
 A command interpreter
 “protects you from the kernel”
 It really protects the kernel from you

FSU COP 4342 Unix Tools Spring 2004

30 Many Shells

 Bourne shell (sh)

 Creator Steve Bourne in the early 80’s
 First shell Used for shell programming
 C shell (csh)
 Created at UCB their Unix implementation in the
early 80’s
 Users wanted more familiar syntax
 More features (for interactive uses) than sh (e.g.
job control and history)
31 Many Shells
 Korn shell (ksh)
 Created by David Korn in the mid 80’s
 Compatible with sh but having most features of csh
 Features history editing (a.k.a. command-line editing)
 Was available on System V
 Public-domain version is pdksh
 T-shell (tcsh)
 has all csh features and less bugs
 Bourne-again shell (bash)
 Offered by FSF (free software foundation)
 Similar to ksh and csh
 Command-line editing
32 What’s my shell?

 Check your prompt

 Usually bash uses $
 Usually csh uses %
 Usually tcsh uses >
 Superuser “root” usually is #
 UNIX Commands Structure
 To give a command to a UNIX system you type the name of the command, along with
any associated information, such as a filename, and press the <Return> key.
 The typed line is called the command line
 UNIX uses a special program, called the shell or the command line interpreter
The components of the command line are:
 the command;
 any options required by the command
 the command's arguments (if required).
For example, the general form of a UNIX command is:
 command [-option(s)] [argument(s)]
POSIX Single UNIX Specification
Unix Commands

 UNIX commands:
– Internal (builtin) and external command
 Some commands are internal, built into the shell.
 cd command is built-in. (the shell interprets that command and changes your
current directory).
 ls command is an external program stored in the file /bin/ls. • The shell does not
start a separate process to run internal commands.
 External commands require the shell to fork and exec a new sub process; this
takes some time, especially on a busy system.
 Check a command is internal or external: – $type cd – cd is a shell builtin
Internal and External Commands
 Unix commands are grouped into two categories-Internal and External.
Internal
 There is a set of commands which are part of the shell and to execute
them the shell does not need to search the given path in the PATH 
variable.
 These are also called  shell builtins or Internal Commands.
External
 Commands that are available as independently compiled C programs
usually located in the /bin or the /usr/bin directory are called  External
Commands. 
37
Internal and External Commands

 Internal commands
 built into the shell
 the shell performs the command
 E.g. chdir or cd

 External commands
 Require the shell to fork and exec and a subprocess
will start
 E.g. ls

FSU COP 4342 Unix Tools Spring 2004

Continued…
Example:
 $ type ls
  ls is /bin/ls
 the above command returns the location or the path of the ls command .Therefore
ls is an external command.
 $ type echo
echo is a shell builtin
 the 'echo' command is an Internal Command or a shell builtin.
 $ type LS
LS: not found
39 Summary on same…!!

Shell checks what type of command the user is

trying to run
 Check if built-in
 Else check if absolute path
 Else check alias (except bash)
 Check for executable in search path
 Search path is a list of dir that the shell must check
 An environment variable PATH lists these dir
 Look at an example
 Search path is specified in the shell start up files
System Boot-up

 If you have a computer which has UNIX operating system installed

on it, then you simply need to turn on its power to make it live.
 As soon as you turn on the power, system starts booting up and
finally it prompts you to log into the system, which is an activity to
log into the system and use it for your day to day activities.
 Login Unix

To log in
 Have your userid (user identification) and password ready. Contact your system
administrator if you don't have these yet.
 Type your userid at the login prompt, then press ENTER. Your userid is case-
sensitive, so be sure you type it exactly as your system administrator instructed.
 Type your password at the password prompt, then press ENTER. Your password
is also case-sensitive.
 If you provided correct userid and password then you would be allowed to enter
into the system. Read the information and messages that come up on the screen
something as below.
UI
to check calendar you need to type cal
command as follows −
Change Password
 All Unix systems require passwords to help ensure that your files
and data remain your own and that the system itself is secure from
hackers and crackers.
Here are the steps to change your password −
 To start, type passwd at command prompt as shown below.
 Enter your old password the one you're currently using.
 Type in your new password. Always keep your password complex
enough so that no body can guess it. But make sure, you remember
it.
 You would need to verify the password by typing it again.
UI
Listing Directories and Files

 All data in UNIX is organized into files.

 All files are organized into directories.
 These directories are organized into a tree-like structure
called the file system
 You can use ls command to list out all the files
 Following is the example of using ls command with -l
option.
UI
Who Are You?

 While you're logged in to the system, you might be willing to

know : Who am I?
 The easiest way to find out "who you are" is to enter the who am i
command −
Who is Logged In?
 Sometime you might be interested to know who is logged in to the computer at
the same time.
 There are three commands are available to get you this information, based on how
much you'd like to learn about the other users: users, who, and w.
Logging Out
 When you finish your session, you need to log out of the
system to ensure that nobody else accesses your files
while masquerading as you.
 just type logout command at command prompt, and the
system will clean up everything and break the connection
System Shutdown
Flexibility in using commands
$Wc note; ls –l note
Command line can overflow

$echo “ this is
>a three line
>text message”
o/p
This is
A three line
Text message

To break – press ctrl+z

When things go wrong
 Terminal and keyboard have no uniform behaviroul pattern
 Backspacing will not work all time
 Wen you use backspace u can see ^H^H
 Ctrl+h or delete hey
Killing a line
 Ctrl+u
Break by
Ctrl+d
Ctrl+z
Knowing the user terminal

 About tty
 Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
tty syntax
 tty [OPTION]...
Options
 -s, --silent, --quiet Print nothing, only return an exit status.
 --help display this help and exit.
 --version output version information and exit.
Continued….

 tty examples
$tty
Running tty by itself will display the current tty session as
shown below:
/dev/pts/0
stty
About stty
$Stty
 changes and prints terminal line settings.
Description
 stty displays or changes the characteristics of the terminal.
displaying its characteristics and setting characteristics
Root
 root is the user name or account that by default has access to all commands and files on a
Linux or other Unix-like operating system.
 The root directory, which is the top level directory on a system That is, it is the
directory in which all other directories, including their subdirectories
and files reside. The root directory is designated by a forward slash ( / ).
 Root privileges are the powers that the root account has on the system.
 root's powers are the ability to modify the system in any way desired and to grant and
revoke access permissions
 Login in terminal
Su: Acquiring superuser status

 $su
 Password:******
 #pwd
 /home/sh
Prompt changes but directory dosen’t

From super user access we can switch to other user by using

$su – username
Without password
Administrators Privileges
 Change the contents or attributes of any file like its permissions and
ownerships
 He can delete the file even if the directory is write protected
 Initiate or kill any process
 Change any user password without knowing the existing one
 Set system clock with date
 Address all users concurrently ----- wall
 Limit the file size fir each users
 Control overall access with FTP as well.
Date setting
Wall : communicating with users

 It address all users simultaneously

#wall
 Welcome all for the day 3 session
All the user who are currently logged in will this message

 Ulimit
Restricts the size
As super user we can also modify the same.
Continued…
 user management

Creating the user involves the following parameters

 UID and user Name
 GID and group name
 The home directory
 The login shell
 Mailbox in var/mail
 The password
------------------------------------------------------
 Most of these are found in single line identifying the user in
/etc/passwd
useradd and usermod , userdel
 Adds the new user to the system
 All parameters related to the user should be provided in command line
 Example:
#useradd –u 210 –g dba –c “the rdbms” –d /home/oracle –s /bin/ksh –m oracle
Usermod and userdel
#usermod
#userdel
/etc/passwd and /etc/shadow

 All user information except the password

encryption is now stored in /etc/passwd
 The encryption itself is stored in /etc/shadow
Discussions
Thank you