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TYPES OF WRITING
1. Narrative Writing
 -a story with complication or
problematic events and it tries to
find the resolutions to solve the
problems.
The purpose of narrative writing is to tell a
story, whether that story is real or
imaginary. Pieces in a narrative style will
have characters, and through the narrative,
the reader learns what happens to them.
Narrative writing can also include
dialogue. Examples of narrative could be
short stories, novels, autobiographies, plays,
fairy tales, etc.
1) Orientation – opening that introduces
characters and the setting
2) A complication and resulting events
3) A Resolution/ ending
1.Main participants are characters with recognizable qualities
2.There are many action verbs and verbals.
3.It usually uses Past Tense.
4.Direct and indirect speeches are often used.
5.Some of it have dialogues and the tense can change.
6.Descriptive language is used to create listener’s or reader’s
imagination.
7.Temporal conjunctions (time/when) are also used to move
the narrative along.
after once finally At first Meanwhile
 EXAMPLES OF NARRATIVE TEXT:
- Legends and Myths

Can you give other literary texts that can also be

categorized as a narrative text?
What do you have in mind right now?
2. EXPOSITORY WRITING
Expository Text
- provides facts in a way that is
educational and purposeful
- informs the reader of the
main argument or how things
are done and accomplished
 PURPOSE OF
WRITING
-toexplain and inform
the readers about a
specific topic
Language Features
• Informative
Expository text is meant to deposit
information
• Clarity.
Using words that clearly show what
the author is talking about.
• Organization of the text.
A well-written exposition remains
focused on its topic and lists events in
chronological order
• Impersonal
Second-person instructions with
"you."

• Unbiased
Expository essays will not overtly
reveal the opinion of the writer.

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EXAMPLE: NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

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1. Comparison and Contrast—this involved the comparison between two or
among more ideas. In such texts, similarities and differences between topics are
noted. To organize comparison and contrast expository texts, you may use a
graphic organizer such as a Venn diagram. This can also help readers to have a
quick glance of ideas since details are already organized.
 
2. Cause and Effect—this tells the reader about reasons why a certain incident or
event happened. It also tells the reader the effect, result or consequence of such
incident.

3. Problem and Solution—this gives the readers information about the different
problems with their solutions and the possible result after doing an action.

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 - A type of writing that uses the five senses
to paint a picture for the reader. This writing
incorporates imagery and specific details.
Descriptive writing allows the writer a great
deal more artistic freedom than expository
writing does.
 Structure
• Title
• Introductory Statement
• Series of paragraphs describing
characteristics features of the subject
(physical appearance, qualities,
behavior, etc.)
• ends with a concluding statement
Language Features
• Contains a topic sentence
• systematically describes different
aspects of the subject
• Uses simple present tense
• Words that incorporate images or
uses the five senses
6. Persuasive Text
-these are texts that present
argument, exposition, or
discussion of a particular topic.
 Purpose of
Persuasive text
- discusses a particular topic and
convinces or persuades the reader
that the opinion/ claim of the
writer is correct and valid
An author uses pathos to appeal to the
emotions of a reader mainly through the use of
language. In a reading text, words chosen
carefully can move a reader to feel powerful
emotions and to be influenced and convinced
by what the text is aiming to communicate.

The mood of a piece of writing may be

described with words such as joyful or gloomy,
relaxed or tense, cheerful or angry, or hopeful
or anxious.
 Structure
• Title
• Introduction
• Arguments/main body
• Conclusion
 Language Features
• Logical connectives
Ex: This proves that, so it’s clear, therefore
• a strong argument/ supporting claims
(thru facts and statistics)
• rhetorical questions
• powerful verbs and adjectives
• use of present tense
Can you give examples of a
persuasive writing?
 -is a text which tells processes relating to
forming of natural, social, scientific and
cultural phenomena.
- tells ‘why’ and ‘how’
- found in science, geography and history
text books.
 Purpose of
Explanatory Text
– to explain how or why something
happens
– General Statement
definition or brief description of the topic
– Sequence of Explanation
stating a series of steps which explain about

the phenomena (why and how something

happens)
- Conclusion
summary of the content
Language Features
 In an explanation text, there are
linguistic features as below :
– Using simple present tense
– Using temporal connectives
– Containing explanation of the
process
EXAMPLE
5.-isRecount
a text which retells
events or experiences in
the past. There is no
complication among the
participants and that
differentiates from
narrative.
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Purpose of Recount
-its purpose is to retell
events
Structure of Recount Text
1.Orientation: Introducing the
participants, place and time.
2.Events: Describing series of event that
happened in the past. Usually
presented in chronological order.
3.Reorientation: Closing statement:
Stating personal comment of the
writer to the story.
 Language Features
– Introducing personal participants: I, my group,
we
- Using Chronological connection: then, first,
finally
- Using linking verbs: was, were, saw, heard
- Using action verbs in simple past tense:
looked, went, changed, etc.
My Adventure at Leang Cave
(Orientation)
On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-
leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!

(Event 1) 
The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints
and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it
was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi
and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the
cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where
some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide
said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash.

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(Event 2) 
The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their ‘kitchen’.
The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the
caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside
glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when
they did an excavation there.

(Reorientation)
After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home.
We really had the time of our lives!

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7. Procedural
-is a text which
gives instructions on
how to do
something.
 Purpose of
Procedural Text
– to explain steps/instruction on how to
make/operate/do something through a
sequence of actions or steps
 Structure of
Procedural Text
•  Goal : (e.g : How to make spaghetti)
• Material or Ingredient : (e.g : the
material to cook omelette are egg, onion,
vegetable oil, etc. )
• Step : (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes,
onion, …., second cut the onions
becomes slice. . . )
Language Features of Procedural
Text
– Using temporal conjunction
(e.g: first, second, third, the last)
– Use command / imperative sentence
(e.g : put the noodles on the . . ., cut the onion. . ., wash the
tomatoes. . . )
– Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express the detail of time,
place, and manner
Ex: for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
– Using action verbs, e.g: make, take, boil, cook
– Using Simple Present Tense
 Can you give more examples for each text
type?
Where do we mostly use each?

Through this PowerPoint, answer the table on

Activity 3 which I sent on google classroom.