CHAP.

3: NETWORK
ADDRESSING

1 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3: NETWORK ADDRESSING
IPv4 Addressing
The network address (which can also be
called the network number) uniquely
identifies each network.
Every machine on the same network shares
that network address as part of its IP
address.
In the IP address 172.16.30.56, for example,
172.16 is the network address.
2 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
The node address is assigned to, and uniquely
identifies, each machine on a network.
This part of the address must be unique because
it identifies a particular machine—an individual
— as opposed to a network, which is a group.
This number can also be referred to as a host
address.
In the sample IP address 172.16.30.56, the 30.56
is the node address.

3 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
The designers of the Internet decided to
create classes of networks based on network
size.
For the small number of networks possessing
a very large number of nodes, they created
the rank Class A network.
At the other extreme is the Class C network,
which is reserved for the numerous networks
with a small number of nodes.
4 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
The class distinction for networks between
very large and very small is predictably
called the Class B network.

5 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Figure below summarizes the three classes
of networks:

6 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Network Address Range: Class A
The designers of the IP address scheme said
that the first bit of the first byte in a Class A
network address must always be off, or 0.
This means a Class A address must be
between 0 and 127 in the first byte,
inclusive.
Consider the following network address:
0xxxxxxx
7 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then
turn them all on, we’ll find the Class A
range of network addresses:
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
So, a Class A network is defined in the first
octet between 0 and 127, and it can’t be less
or more.

8 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Network Address Range: Class B
In a Class B network, the Request For
Comments (RFCs) state that the first bit of
the first byte must always be turned on but
the second bit must always be turned off.
If you turn the other 6 bits all off and then
all on, you will find the range for a Class B
network:

9 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Network Address Range: Class B
10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191
As you can see, a Class B network is
defined when the first byte is configured
from 128 to 191.

10 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Network Address Range: Class C
For Class C networks, the RFCs define the
first 2 bits of the first octet as always turned
on, but the third bit can never be on.
Following the same process as the previous
classes, convert from binary to decimal to
find the range.

11 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Network Address Range: Class C
Here’s the range for a Class C network:
11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223
So, if you see an IP address that starts at
192 and goes to 223, you’ll know it is a
Class C IP address.

12 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Network Address Ranges: Classes D and
E
The addresses between 224 to 255 are
reserved for Class D and E networks.
Class D (224–239) is used for multicast
addresses and Class E (240–255) for
scientific purposes, but we’ll not discuss
about them in this course.

13 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class A Addresses
In a Class A network address, the first byte
is assigned to the network address and the
three remaining bytes are used for the node
addresses.
The Class A format is as follows:
network.node.node.node

14 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class A Addresses
For example, in the IP address
49.22.102.70, the 49 is the network address
and 22.102.70 is the node address.
Every machine on this particular network
would have the distinctive network address
of 49.

15 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class A network addresses are 1 byte long,
with the first bit of that byte reserved and
the 7 remaining bits available for
manipulation (addressing).
As a result, the maximum number of Class
A networks that can be created is 128.
Why? Because each of the 7 bit positions
can be either a 0 or a 1, thus 27, or 128.

16 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
To complicate matters further, the network
address of all 0s (00000000) is reserved to
designate the default route.
Additionally, the address 127, which is
reserved for diagnostics, can’t be used either,
which means that you can really only use the
numbers 1 to 126 to designate Class A network
addresses.
This means the actual number of usable Class
A network addresses is 128 minus 2, or 126.
17 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 ONT’
Each Class A address has 3 bytes (24-bit
positions) for the node address of a
machine.
This means there are 224 or 16,777,216
unique combinations and, therefore,
precisely that many possible unique node
addresses for each Class A network.
Because node addresses with the two
patterns of all 0s and all 1s are reserved, the
18 actual maximum usable number of nodes for
02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class A Valid Host IDs
Here’s an example of how to figure out the
valid host IDs in a Class A network address:
All host bits off is the network address:
10.0.0.0.
All host bits on is the broadcast address:
10.255.255.255.
The valid hosts are the numbers in between the
network address and the broadcast address:
10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254.
19 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class A Valid Host IDs
All you need to remember when trying to
find valid host addresses is that the host bits
can’t all be turned off or all be on at the
same time.

20 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class B Addresses
In a Class B network address, the first 2 bytes
are assigned to the network address and the
remaining 2 bytes are used for node addresses.
The format is as follows:
network.network.node.node
For example, in the IP address 172.16.30.56,
the network address is 172.16 and the node
address is 30.56.
21 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
With a network address being 2 bytes (8
bits each), there would be 216 unique
combinations.
But the Internet designers decided that all
Class B network addresses should start with
the binary digit 1, then 0.
This leaves 14 bit positions to manipulate,
therefore 16,384 (that is, 214) unique Class B
network addresses.
22 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
A Class B address uses 2 bytes for node
addresses. This is 216 minus the two reserved
patterns (all 0s and all 1s), for a total of
65,534 possible node addresses for each
Class B network.

23 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class B Valid Host IDs
Here’s an example of how to find the valid
hosts in a Class B network:
All host bits turned off is the network address:
172.16.0.0.
All host bits turned on is the broadcast
address: 172.16.255.255.
The valid hosts would be the numbers in
between the network address and the broadcast
24
address: 172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254.
02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class C Addresses
The first 3 bytes of a Class C network
address are dedicated to the network portion
of the address, with only 1 measly byte
remaining for the node address.
Here’s the format:
network.network.network.node
Using the example IP address
192.168.100.102, the network address is
25
192.168.100 and the node address is 102.
02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
In a Class C network address, the first three bit
positions are always the binary 110.
The calculation is as follows: 3 bytes, or 24
bits, minus 3 reserved positions leaves 21
positions.
Hence, there are 221, or 2,097,152, possible
Class C networks. Each unique Class C
network has 1 byte to use for node addresses.
This leads to 28 or 256, minus the two reserved
26 patterns of all 0s and all 1s, for a total of02/25/2022
254
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class C Valid Host IDs
Here’s an example of how to find a valid
host ID in a Class C network:
All host bits turned off is the network ID:
192.168.100.0.
All host bits turned on is the broadcast
address: 192.168.100.255.

27 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Class C Valid Host IDs
The valid hosts would be the numbers in
between the network address and the
broadcast address: 192.168.100.1 through
192.168.100.254.

28 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
Private IP Addresses
The people who created the IP addressing scheme
also created what we call private IP addresses.
These addresses can be used on a private
network, but they’re not routable through the
Internet.
This is designed for the purpose of creating a
measure of well-needed security, but it also
conveniently saves valuable IP address space.
29 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
If every host on every network had to have real
routable IP addresses, we would have run out of
IP addresses to hand out years ago.
But by using private IP addresses, ISPs,
corporations, and home users only need a
relatively tiny group of bona fide IP addresses
to connect their networks to the Internet.
This is economical because they can use private
IP addresses on their inside networks and get
30 along just fine. 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
To accomplish this task, the ISP and the
corporation—the end user, no matter who
they are—need to use something called
Network Address Translation (NAT), which
basically takes a private IP address and
converts it for use on the Internet.

31 02/25/2022
 CHAP. 3 CONT’
The reserved private addresses are listed in Table
below:

32 02/25/2022
 END OF CHAPTER
THREE!

33 02/25/2022