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Word Structure

The document discusses word structure and defines key linguistic terms like word, lexeme, inflection, and derivation. [1] A word is the smallest linguistic unit that can stand alone, while a lexeme is a theoretical construct that corresponds to a word and its inflected forms. [2] Inflection involves changing a word's form according to grammar rules, like making nouns plural or verbs past tense. Derivation creates new words by adding affixes, like changing 'drive' to the noun 'driver'. [3] Words are also classified as lexical/content words that convey meaning or functional/grammatical words that express grammatical relationships. Lexemes can also be

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Riska Amalia
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197 views

Word Structure

The document discusses word structure and defines key linguistic terms like word, lexeme, inflection, and derivation. [1] A word is the smallest linguistic unit that can stand alone, while a lexeme is a theoretical construct that corresponds to a word and its inflected forms. [2] Inflection involves changing a word's form according to grammar rules, like making nouns plural or verbs past tense. Derivation creates new words by adding affixes, like changing 'drive' to the noun 'driver'. [3] Words are also classified as lexical/content words that convey meaning or functional/grammatical words that express grammatical relationships. Lexemes can also be

Uploaded by

Riska Amalia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WORD STRUCTURE

The students are able to:


1. know what word is about
2. identify the types of words
3. analyze the words in accordance with their types
WHAT IS a WORD?

No References Definition
1. Longman Dictionary One or more sounds which can be spoken or written
(1978) to represent an idea, object, action, etc.

2. Richards, et all (1985) The smallest linguistic unit which can occur on its own
in speech or writing.

3. Aronoff & Fudeman The smallest free form found in a language


(2011)

4. Katamba (1993) It refers to a particular physical realisation of the


lexeme (it is the set of inflected forms taken by a
single word) in speech or writing
WHAT IS LEXEME?
No References Definition
1. Aronoff & Fudeman  It is a word with a specific sound and meaning
(2011)  It is a theoritical construct that corresponds roughly to
one of the common senses of the term word.
 It is a sign or set of signs that exists independently of any
particular syntactic context.
 It has a particular meaning or grammatical function.
 It is generally referred by its citation form but its shape
may vary systematically according to the syntactic
context in which it is used (a pen, two pens, etc)
2. Di Sciullo & William It is the vocabulary items that are listed in the dictionary
(1987) in Katamba (1993)
3. Richards et all (1985) The smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that
can be distinguished from other similar units. It can occur
in many different forms in actual spoken and written
sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even
when inflected.
4. Matthews (1974) It is the fundamental unit of the lexicon of the language
EXAMPLES OF LEXEME

1. Can (Noun) : a tin


2. Can (auxiliary verb) : to be permitted
3. Can (verb) : to preserve/record

Aronoff & Fudeman  It is a can


(2011)  These are cans
 I can can the cake
 she is canning her voice

The word above has 3 token


EXAMPLES OF LEXEME

The Physical word form The Lexeme


Come, comes, coming, came, come COME
Di Sciullo & William Dub, dubs, dubbed, dubbing DUB
(1987) in Katamba
Small, smaller, smallest SMALL
(1993), Richards et all
(1985) & Matthews Man, men MAN
Good, better, best GOOD
Teach, teaches, teaching, taught, TEACH
teacher
WORD DEFINITIONS (Continued)
1. Syntactical Word Definition
* Word is the smallest unit of syntax
Ibu Mae teaches Morphology every Monday
V

Teach -es
* Word is the smallest unit of language that can stand alone
What are you learning? Morphology
What topic are you learning about? Word
* Words standing alone are recorgnised as “Free Forms”
* Words are incapable of standing alone are known “bound Forms”
* Not all words are capable of standing alone
Whose book is that? My
My is a determiner appearing alongside with a Noun (my should be changed “mine”
WORD DEFINITIONS (Continued)

2. Phonological Word Definition


* Word is the domain of stress assignment
• Clitics are grammatical words that are unable to phonologically stand on their own and
must lean on an adjacent word incorporating into its prosodic structure.
1a. It is 13.
b. You spend 13 minutes to work on the test.
2a. You should report a deep investigation once in a week.
b. Your investigation report is very thoughtful.
(Readjustment stress occurs as it is influenced by its prosodic structure)
WORD DEFINITIONS (Continued)

3. Grammatical/Morphosyntactic Word Definition


* Word is used to specifically refer to different forms of a single word that occur on the
syntactic context .
1. give, gives, giving, gave, given
2. Far, farther, farthest
3. book, books, booking, booked
Those examplified words have the same token; give, far, and book, but they must be
considered to be different grammatical words.
WORD TYPES

1. Phonological Words
It can be defined as a string of sounds that behaves as a unit for certain kinds of
phonological processes, escpecially stress and accent.
Every phonological word in English has a main stress. Elements that are written as a
separate words but do not have their own stress are not phonological words, for
instance Prepositional words known as functional words (in, at, on, by, for, etc) as in
the following example:
1. I was looking for her on the fifth floor of Phinisi Building.
CLITICS
Proclitis (It precedes the adjacent word Enclitics ( it is followed by the proclitics)
the host)
2. You’re all here (You are all here)
Phonologically, all auxiliary verbs are unable to stand alone
In view of syntax, they function as full words having undifferent meaning of the
contracted auxiliaries but it is contradicted with cltics
WORD TYPES (Continued)
1. Content/Full/Lexical Words are words 2. Function/Form/Empty/Grammatical/
that have meaning pointing objects, Structural Words are words that have
events and abstract concepts out little meaning on their own showing
(particular social, ethnic, regional grammatical realtionships in and between
dialects and of particular contexts) and sentences.
conveying information about the attitudes
of the speakers.
a. Nouns a. Pronouns
b. Verbs b. Auxiliary Verbs: am, is, are, should etc
c. Adjectives c. Determiners
d. Adverbs d. Demonstratives
e. Preposition
f. Adverbs: very, not
WORD TYPES (Continued)

3. LEXEME
a. Simple Lexeme b. Compound Lexeme
Take, takes, taking, took, taken, TAKE icecream ICE + CREAM
climb, climbs, climbing, climbed CLIMB greenhouse GREEN + HOUSE
child, children CHILD make up MAKE + UP
INFLECTION
It is the process of adding an affix to a word or changing it in some other ways
according to the rules of the grammar of a language. In other words, It involves
the formation of grammatical forms of a single lexeme; present, past; singular,
plural; masculine, feminine, and so on.
The use of these grammatical forms is really determined by sentence structure.

WORDS INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES


1. Noun (Singular ----Plural)
Room Rooms +s
class Classes +es
child children +en
tooth teeth +ee
2. Verb
take
takes + s (third person singular)
taking + ing (continous tense)
took + oo (past tense)
taken + n (past participle)
loaded +ed
DERIVATION
It is new word formation by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. In other
words, it involves the creation of one lexeme from another.
Compounding is a special type of derivation, as it involves the creation of one
lexeme two or more other lexeme (doghouse, warehouse, goflstick)
Words Derivational Affixes
1. Nouns to Nouns
* Library Librarian + an
* Fire Fireman + man
* Jewel jewellery + ery
* Photograph photographer + er
* ...biography autobiography auto+noun
2. Nouns to Adjectives
* girl girly +y
* meaning meaningful +ful
* Music musical +al
3. Verbs to Nouns
* drive driver +er
* associate association +ion
DERIVATION (Continued)

Words Derivational Affixes


4. Verbs to Verbs
* read reread re+verb
* go undergo under+verb
5. Verbs to Adjectives
* reach reachable +able
* shave shaven +n
* act active +ive
6. Adjectives to Adjectives
* legal illegal il+adjectives
* normal abnormal ab+...
7. Adjectives to Adverbs
* full fully +ly
* effective effectively +ly
Today is the tenth meeting to study Phonology.
As usual my lecturer always begins the class with
salam. Before begining the material, our lecturer
..........
Today is ...tenth meeting to study Phonology. As
usual my lecturer always greets/addresses the
class, “............”. Before begin to the material,our
lecture...................................................

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