Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Objectives Overview

Differentiate among a
Differentiate between file Describe uses of web
character, field, record, and
processing systems and the databases, types of
data file and describe
database approach databases, and Big Data
validation techniques

Discuss functions common Define system

to most database development, list the
management systems: data system development
dictionary, file retrieval and phases, and identify the
maintenance, data security, guidelines for system
and backup and recovery development

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Objectives Overview

Discuss the importance of

project management,
Discuss the purpose of and Differentiate between low-
feasibility assessment,
tasks conducted in each level languages and
documentation, and data
system development phase procedural languages
and information gathering
techniques

Identify the benefits of

object-oriented Describe various ways to
programming languages develop webpages and web
and application applications
development tools

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for Detailed Objectives in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

Database Data Information

• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data

data organized unprocessed • Organized
in a manner items • Meaningful
that allows • Text • Useful
access, • Numbers
retrieval, and • Images
use of that
• Audio
data
• Video

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in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

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Figure 11-1 in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• Database software, often called a database

management system (DBMS), allows users to:

Create a computerized Add, modify, and

database delete data

Create forms and

Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data

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in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• Data is organized in levels

– Characters, fields records, and files

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Figure 11-2 in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• A character is one byte

– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type

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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 11-3
Databases, Data, and Information

• A record is a group of related fields

– A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

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Figure 11-4 in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that

keep data current

Adding Modifying Deleting

records records records

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in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• Validation compares data with a set of rules or

values to find out if the data meets certain criteria

Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
check

Completeness check Check digit Other checks

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

File processing system Database approach

• Each department has its • Programs and users share

own set of files data
• Redundant data • Reduced data redundancy
• Isolated data • Improved data integrity
• Shared data
• Easier access
• Reduced development
time

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

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Figure 11-6 in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

• Disadvantages of a database approach

– Can be more complex than a file processing system
– Require more memory and processing power
– Data can be more vulnerable

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

• Web databases offer information about:

Television
Jobs Travel Destinations
programming

Local and
Photos Movies Videos national
weather

Sporting Legislative
events information

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

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File Processing Systems and Databases

• A data model defines how users view the

organization of the data

Relational
database

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in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A data dictionary contains data about each file in

the database and each field in those files

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Figure 11-7 in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users

and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language

Query by example

Form

Report writer

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in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems
• A query is a request for specific data from the database
• A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that
allow users to specify the data to display, print, store, update, or
delete
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular query language that
allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data

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in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• Most DBMSs include query by example (QBE), a

feature that has a graphical user interface to assist
users with retrieving data

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Figure 11-9 in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for

entering or modifying data in a database
• A report writer allows users to design a report on the
screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then
display or print the report

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Figure 11-10 in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

A DBMS provides means to

ensure that only
authorized users access
data
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege policy
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in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to

restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed

Backup Log

Recovery Continuous
utility backup
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in whole or in part.
System Development

• An information system is a collection of hardware,

software, data, people, and procedures that work
together to produce information
• System development is a set of activities used to
build an information system

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in whole or in part.
System Development

System development is a set of activities

used to build an information system
System development activities are
grouped into phases, and is called
the system development life cycle
(SDLC)
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in whole or in part.
System Development

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Figure 11-11 in whole or in part.
System Development

• System development should follow three general

guidelines:

Group activities into phases

Involve users

Define standards
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in whole or in part.
System Development

• System development should involve

representatives from each department in which
the proposed system will be used
• A systems analyst is responsible for designing and
developing an information system

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• Project management is the process of planning,

scheduling, and then controlling the activities during
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies the following elements:
Required Time estimates
Scope
activities for each activity

Activities that
Cost estimates Order of
can take place at
for each activity activities
the same time
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in whole or in part.
System Development

Popular tools used

to plan and
schedule the time
relationships among
project activities are
Gantt and PERT
charts

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Figure 11-12 in whole or in part.
System Development

• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the

development of a system will be to the
organization

Operational Schedule Technical Economic

feasibility feasibility feasibility feasibility

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• Documentation is the collection and

summarization of data, information, and
deliverables
• Maintaining up-to-date documentation should be
an ongoing part of system development

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• During system development, members of the project

team gather data and information

Review
Observe Survey
documentation

Interview JAD Sessions Research

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Figure 11-13 in whole or in part.
System Development

• The planning phase for a project begins when the

steering committee receives a project request
• Four major activities are performed:

Review and Form a project

Prioritize the Allocate
approve the development
project requests resources
project requests team

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The analysis phase consists of two major

activities:
Conduct a preliminary Perform detailed
investigation analysis
• Determines the exact • Study how the current
nature of the problem system works
or improvement • Determine the users’
• Interview the user who wants, needs, and
submitted the request requirements
• Recommend a solution
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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of

each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Modify
Buy retail
existing Use web apps
software
system

Build custom
Outsource
software
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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The design phase consists of two major activities

Develop all of the

Acquire hardware details of the new
and software or modified
information system

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:

Solicit vendor
Make a decision
proposals

Identify technical Test and evaluate

specifications vendor proposals

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The next step is to develop detailed design

specifications

Input and
Database Program
output
design design
design

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• Systems analysts typically develop two types of

designs for each input and output
Mock-up Layout chart

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Figures 11-15 – 11-16 in whole or in part.
System Development

• A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model

of the proposed system’s essential functionality

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The purpose of the implementation phase is to

construct the new or modified system and then
deliver it to users

Develop Install and Convert to

programs test the new Train users the new
and apps system system

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• Various tests should be performed on the new

system
Integration Acceptance
Unit test Systems test
test test
• Verifies that • Verifies that • Verifies that • Checks the
each all programs an new system
individual in an application to ensure
program or application works with that it works
object works work other with actual
by itself together applications data
properly

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• Training involves showing users exactly how they

will use the new hardware and software in the
system
– One-on-one sessions
– Classroom-style lectures
– Web-based training

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Figure 11-17 in whole or in part.
System Development

• One or more of four conversion strategies can be

used to change from the old system to the new
system
– Direct conversion
– Parallel conversion
– Phased conversion
– Pilot conversion

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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The purpose of the support and security phase is

to provide ongoing assistance for an information
system and its users after the system is
implemented
Perform Monitor
Assess system
maintenance system
security
activities performance

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• A programming language is a set of words,
abbreviations, and symbols that enable a software
developer to communicate instructions to a
computer or mobile device
• An application development tool provides a
means for creating, designing, editing, testing,
and distributing programs and apps

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
instructions using English-like words that tell the
computer what to accomplish and how to do it

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• The C programming language is used to write
many of today’s programs

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Figure 11-18 in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

A compiler converts the

entire source program
to machine language An interpreter translates and
before executing it executes one instruction at a
time

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

Compiler Interpreter

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Figures 11-19 – 11-20 in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows
system developers to implement objects in a program
• Other advantages include:

Objects can be Developers create

reused applications faster

Most object-oriented
application
development tools
are IDEs

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems

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Figure 11-21 in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• C++ is an extension of the C programming
language
– Additional features for working with objects
• Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of object-
oriented application development tools that
assists software developers in building programs
and apps for Windows or any operating system
that supports the Microsoft .NET Framework

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
software developers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• Classic programming languages include:

BASIC COBOl

FORTRAN RPG
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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• An application generator is a program that creates source
code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
• A macro is a series of statements that instructs a program
or app how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
– Record the macro
– Write the macro

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

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Figure 11-22 in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• HTML is a special formatting language that
software developers use to format documents for
display on the web

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Figure 11-23 in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• XML allows web developers to create tags that
describe the structure of information
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
specifically for microbrowsers

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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools
• Software developers write scripts, applets,
servlets, or ActiveX controls using a variety of
languages

JavaScript Perl PHP

Python Ruby
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in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

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Figure 11-24 in whole or in part.
Summary

Hierarchy of data, ways to

System development phases
validate data, the advantages
and the guidelines for system
of the database versus the file
development, along with
processing approach, and
activities that occur during
characteristics of database
system development
management systems

Various programming
Variety of web development
languages and application
tools
development tools

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in whole or in part.
 Discovering Computers 2016
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Chapter 11 Complete