OSHA 30 Hours

General Industry

Module Nr. 11
Machine Guarding
 Trainer Objectives

• Explain the general requirements for guarding the

hazards of machines.
• Describe precautions to be taken around woodworking
machinery.
• List fundamental requirements for abrasive wheel
machinery.
• Identify important terms associated with operation of
mechanical presses.
• Describe the requirements for guarding moving parts of
machinery.
 1910.212(a)(1) Types of guarding

• One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect

the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards
such as those created by:
– Point of operation,
– Ingoing nip points,
– Rotating parts,
– Flying chips and sparks
 Standard Interpretations
12/20/1994 - Machine-guarding requirements

• You will notice that this standard requires that machine

guards be provided to protect employees from several
identified hazards (e.g., points of operation, ingoing nip
points), but does not specify the type of machine guard
that an employer must use.
• The standard recommends several types of machine
guards, including barriers, tripping devices, and electronic
safety devices, but leaves to the employer the decision
regarding which machine guard best suits the working
conditions.
 Standard Interpretations
12/20/1994 - Machine-guarding requirements

• By not specifying the types of machine guards that must

be used, this standard is referred to as a "performance"
standard (i.e., the employer is free to adopt a machine
guard that "performs" in such a manner as to meet the
standard's objective--to protect employees from the
identified hazards).
• If OSHA had specified the types of machine guards that
must be used, the standard would be a "specification"
standard.
 1910.212(a)(2) General requirements
for machine guards

• Guards shall be affixed to the machine where possible

and secured elsewhere if for any reason attachment to
the machine is not possible
• The guard shall be such that it does not offer an accident
hazard in itself
 1910.212(a)(3) Point of Operation

• (i)Point of operation is the area on a machine where

work is actually performed upon the material being
processed
• (ii)The point of operation of machines whose operation
exposes an employee to injury, shall be guarded
 1910.212(a)(3) Point of Operation

• (ii)The guarding device shall be in conformity with any

appropriate standards therefor, or, in the absence of
applicable specific standards, shall be so designed and
constructed as to prevent the operator from having any part of
his body in the danger zone during the operating cycle
 1910.212(a)(3)(iii) Hand Tools

• Special hand tools for placing

and removing material shall be
such as to permit easy handling
of material without the operator
placing a hand in the danger
zone*

• *Such tools shall not be in lieu of other guarding required by this

section, but can only be used to supplement protection provided.
 1910.212(a)(3)(iv) Examples of machines

• Types of machines which normally require point of

operation guarding:
• Mills
• Drills
• Grinders
• Power presses
• Shears
• Saws
 1910.212(a)(4) Barrels,
containers, and drums

• Revolving drums, barrels, and

containers shall be guarded by an
enclosure which is interlocked
with the drive mechanism, so that
the barrel, drum, or container
cannot revolve unless the guard
enclosure is in place
 Standard Interpretations
04/14/1993 - Interlock requirements for centrifuges

• Centrifuges are not specifically mentioned in the

machine-guarding regulations and are not covered by
the particular provision at 1910.212(a)(4), the general
provision at 1910.212(a)(1) does cover hazards created
by rotating parts or the point of operation.
• Accordingly, centrifuges that present such hazards must
comply with the provisions of .212(a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)
(3).
 1910.212(a)(5) Exposure of blades

• When the periphery of the blades of a fan is less than

seven (7) feet above the floor or working level, the
blades shall be guarded
• The guard shall have openings no larger than one-half
(1/2) inch.
 1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed machinery

• Machines designed for a fixed location shall be securely

anchored to prevent walking or moving

This pedestal grinder is

designed for anchoring,
and is not anchored,
creating a potential hazard
 CPL 2-1.35 National Emphasis
Program (NEP) Amputations

• Identify and reduce workplace hazards likely

to cause amputations
• top five machines that cause amputations
are:
• Saws,
• Shears,
• Slicers,
• Slitters, and
• Presses.
 Saws

• Used primarily in woodworking and manufacturing shops

• Two types
• Table
• Radial arm
• Other types include:

Hand held

Band saw
Miter saw
 Shears

• Self-contained machines using a mechanically driven

ram
• Ram moves a nonrotary blade at a constant rate past the
edge of fixed blade
 Slicers

• Commonly used to slice meat and food

• Use rotary blade
• Guillotine cutters used in other industries
• Most injuries occur in restaurants and grocery stores
 Power Presses

• NEP covers all types of

power presses
• Presses consist of stationary
bed, and slide
• Used in a variety of
industries
 Program Procedures

• NEP includes three • If present, a thorough

activities: inspection will be
• Outreach conducted focusing on:
• Targeting/selection • Nip points
• Inspection • Pinch points
• Shear points
• Cutting actions
• Point(s) of operation
Woodworking Machinery

CFR 1910.213
 1910.213 Woodworking
machinery requirements

• (a)(1)Each machine shall be so constructed as

to be free from sensible vibration when the
largest size tool is mounted and run idle at full
speed.
 1910.213 Woodworking
machinery requirements

• (a)(11)The frames and all exposed, noncurrent-carrying

metal parts of portable electric woodworking machinery
operated at more than 90 volts to ground shall be
grounded
• Other portable motors driving electric tools which are
held in the hand while being operated shall be grounded
if they operate at more than 90 volts to ground.
• The ground shall be provided through use of a separate
ground wire and polarized plug and receptacle.
 1910.213(a)(12) Guarding
blades under tables

• For all circular saws where conditions are such that there is a
possibility of contact with the portion of the saw either beneath or
behind the table, that portion of the saw shall be:
• Covered with an exhaust hood,
or, if no exhaust system is
required
• With a guard that shall be
arranged as to prevent
accidental contact
with the saw
 1910.213(b) Machine
controls and equipment

• A mechanical or electrical power control shall be

provided on each machine to make it possible for the
operator to cut off the power from each machine without
leaving his position at the point of operation
 1910.213(b)(3)
Non-restart devices

• On applications where injury to the operator might result

if motors were to restart after power failures, provision
shall be made to prevent machines from automatically
restarting upon restoration of power
 1910.213(b)(4) Location of controls

• Power controls and operating controls should be located

within easy reach of the operator while he is at his regular
work location, making it unnecessary for him to reach over
the cutter to make adjustments
 1910.213(g)(1) Swing cutoff saws

• Each swing cutoff saw shall be provided with a hood that

will completely enclose the upper half of the saw, the
arbor end, and the point of operation at all positions of
the saw
 1910.213(g)(2) Swing cutoff saws

• Each swing cutoff saw shall be provided with an effective

device to return the saw automatically to the back of the
table when released at any point of its travel
 1910.213(i) Bandsaws

• All portions of the saw blade shall be enclosed or

guarded, except for the working portion of the blade
between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table
 1910.213(i) Bandsaws

• Bandsaw wheels shall be fully

encased
• The outside periphery of the
enclosure shall be solid
• The front and back of the band
wheels shall be either enclosed
by solid material or by wire
mesh or perforated metal
 1910.213(j) Planers and Jointers

• Each hand-fed planer and jointer with horizontal head

equipped with a cylindrical cutting head, the knife
projection of which shall not exceed one-eighth inch
beyond the cylindrical body of the head
• The opening in the table kept as small as possible
 1910.215(a)(2) Guard design

• The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut, and
flange projections
• The safety guard shall be mounted so as to maintain
proper alignment with the
wheel
 1910.215(a)(2) Guard design

• The strength of the fastenings shall exceed the strength

of the guard, except:
• Where the work provides suitable protection, the
guard may expose the spindle end, nut and flange
• Where the work entirely covers the side of the wheel
the side cover(s) of the guard may be omitted
 1910.215(b)(9) Exposure adjustment

• Safety guards of the type where the operator stands in

front of the opening, shall be so constructed so that the
peripheral protecting member can be adjusted to the
constantly decreasing size of the wheel
• The distance between the periphery and the adjustable
tongue guard shall never
exceed 1/4 inch
 1910.215 (d) Mounting

Inspection:
• Immediately before mounting, all wheels
shall be closely inspected and sounded by
the user (ring test) to make sure they have
not been damaged in transit, storage, or
otherwise
• The spindle speed of the machine shall be checked
before mounting of the wheel to be certain that it does
not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on
the wheel
1910.215 (d) Mounting - Ring Test

• Sound the wheel by

tapping around the
wheel periphery with a
wood handled
screwdriver*
• Good wheel portions will
“ring” like a bell
• Cracks will sound “dead”

*A non-metallic implement,
wood mallets may be
needed for larger wheels
 1910.215 (d) Mounting

• The spindle speed of the

machine shall be checked
before mounting of the
wheel to be certain that it
does not exceed the
maximum operating speed
marked on the wheel.

Compare this number to the

spindle speed on the grinder
motor
Mechanical Power Presses

1910.217
 Definitions

• "Antirepeat" means the part of the clutch/brake control

system designed to limit the press to a single stroke if
the tripping means is held operated
• "Antirepeat" is also called single stroke reset or reset
circuit

Air dual ant-tie

down anti-repeat
palm buttons
 Definitions

• "Brake" means the mechanism used on a mechanical

power press to stop and/or hold the crankshaft, either
directly or through a gear train, when the clutch is
disengaged.
 Definitions

• "Clutch" means the coupling mechanism used on a

mechanical power press to couple the flywheel to the
crankshaft, either directly or through a gear train.
• "Full revolution clutch" means a type of clutch that, when
tripped, cannot be disengaged until the crankshaft has
completed a full revolution and the press slide a full stroke.
 Definitions

• "Part revolution clutch" means a type of clutch that can

be disengaged at any point before the crankshaft has
completed a full revolution and the press slide a full
stroke.
 Definitions

• "Continuous" means uninterrupted multiple strokes of the

slide without intervening stops (or other clutch control
action) at the end of individual strokes*

*Should generally only be used for auto-feed operations where the

operator does not enter the point of operation (Stamping for
example)
 Definitions

• "Device" means a press control or attachment that:

• Restrains the operator from inadvertently reaching
into the point of operation, or
• Prevents normal press operation
if the operator's hands are
inadvertently within the point of
operation
 Definitions

• "Device" means a press control or attachment that:

• Automatically withdraws the operator's hands if the

operator's hands are inadvertently within the point of
operation as the dies close, or
• Prevents the initiation of a stroke, or stops of stroke in
progress, when there is an intrusion through the
sensing field by any part of the operator's body or by
any other object
 Definitions

• "Hand feeding tool" means any hand held tool designed

for placing or removing material or parts to be processed
within or from the point of operation.
• "Jog" means an intermittent motion imparted to the slide
by momentary operation of the drive motor, after the
clutch is engaged with the flywheel at rest.
 Definitions
• "Inch”* means an intermittent motion imparted to the
slide (on machines using part revolution clutches) by
momentary operation of the "Inch" operating means

*"Inch" is a function used by the die setter for setup of dies and tooling,
but is not intended for use during production operations by the operator
 Definitions

• "Point of operation" means the area of the press where

material is actually positioned and work is being
performed during any process such as shearing,
punching, forming, or assembling
 Definitions

• "Press" means a mechanically powered machine that

shears, punches, forms or assembles metal or other
material by means of cutting, shaping, or combination dies
attached to slides.
• A press consists of a stationary bed or anvil, and a slide (or
slides) having a controlled reciprocating motion toward and
away from the bed surface, the slide being guided in a
definite path by the frame of the press.
 1910.217(b)(2) Brakes

• Friction brakes provided for stopping or holding a slide

movement shall be inherently self-engaging by requiring
power or force from an external source to cause
disengagement
 1910.217(b)(3) Full revolution clutches

• Machines using full revolution clutches shall incorporate

a single-stroke mechanism*

*That means after one complete cycle the press returns to the full open
position, and will not re-engage until another cycle is initiated
 1910.217(b)(4) Foot pedals (treadle)

• The pedal mechanism shall be protected to prevent

unintended operation from falling or moving objects or by
accidental stepping onto the pedal
• A pad with a nonslip contact area shall be firmly attached
to the pedal

Treadle
 1910.217(b)(6) Two-hand trip controls

• Hand controls protected against unintentional operation

• Two-hand trip systems on full revolution clutch machines
shall incorporate an antirepeat feature
 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(d) Pull-out device

• Each pull-out device in use shall be visually inspected

and checked for proper adjustment at the start of each
operator shift, following a new die set-up, and when
operators are changed.
• Necessary maintenance or repair or both shall be
performed and completed before the press is operated.
• Records of inspections and maintenance shall be kept in
accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
Pullback
device

Adjustable
wrist
straps
 1910.217(c)(4) Hand feeding tools

• Hand feeding tools are intended for placing and

removing materials in and from the press
• Hand feeding tools are not a point of operation guard or
protection device and shall not be used in lieu of the
"guards" or devices required in this section
 1910.217(d) Setting and feeding dies

• Furnish and enforce the use of hand tools for freeing and
removing stuck work or scrap pieces from the die, so
that no employee need reach into the point of operation
for such purposes
1910.219
 1910.219(b)(1) Flywheels

• Flywheels 7 feet or less above the ground shall be

guarded
• Sheet, perforated, or expanded metal or woven wire, or
with
• Guard rails between 15 to 20 inches from flywheel rim
• Toe board if within 12 inches of floor or extends into a pit
• All projections shall be covered
 1910.219.(c) Shafting

• Each continuous line of shafting shall be secured in

position against excessive end movement
• Inclined and vertical shafts* shall be securely held in
position against endwise thrust

*Particularly inclined idler shafts

 1910.219.(c) Shafting

• All exposed parts of horizontal shafting 7 ft. or less above

the floor shall be guarded (except: runways used for oiling or
running adjustments) by a stationary casing, or by a trough
• Troughs must enclose sides and top, or sides and bottom of
shafting as location requires
 1910.219.(c) Shafting

• Projecting end shafts shall present a smooth edge and

project not more than 1/2 the diameter of the shaft
• Unused key ways shall be filled up or covered
 1910.219(d) Pulleys

• Pulleys, any parts of which are seven feet or less from

the floor or working platform, shall be guarded in
accordance with the standards specified in paragraphs
(m) & (o)
• Pulleys serving as balance wheels (e.g., punch presses)
on which the point of contact between belt and pulley is
more than six feet six inches from the floor or platform
may be guarded with a disc covering the spokes
 Example
Belt width = three inches
Distance between
pulleys = 2 inches

Guides must be
placed in this area
 Guard

Unguarded portion

seven ft. minimum

Floor