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Basic Training Packet Switching

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System Introduction

Packet Switching is 2G or 3G access networks to Internet or Intranets. Incoming packets from Internet or Intranets
are forwarded to the UE with mobility management handling.

With 4G technology, a new core networks is introduced; it is called EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and is used for
conversational services and data services.

Is a convergent network enabling mobility of IP packets of the UE, whatever the radio access technology used (GPRS,
EDGE, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE

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Huawei Traditional EPC Network Elements

Huawei USN9810
is a core network product for PS services on GSM-R networks that handles the delivery of data packets to and from the
mobile stations in its service area

Huawei UGW9811
Is a unified packet gateway that can be deployed in 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) systems, 3G Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTSs), or Evolved Packet Core (EPC) systems.

Huawei CG9812
is a large-capacity charging gateway developed by Huawei. Located between GSN/UGW and the BS, the CG9812 receives
and stores the CDRs generated by the GSN/UGW, converts the format of the CDRs to generate final CDRs required by the
BS, and then sends the final CDRs to the BS.

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ZTE EPC Network Elements

ZTE Umac
is a packet core network equipment developed by ZTE, which can be used as SGSN in GSM / UMTS network or as control
plane network element MME in LTE / EPC network, or as both SGSN and MME, so operators can smoothly evolve from
traditional 2G / 3G networks to 4G networks.

ZTE xGW
ZXUN xGW (extendable Gateway). It supports 2G, 3G, LTE and non-3GPP access. ZXUN xGW could be deployed as a
PDSN, GGSN, SAE-GW, HA and combo function node to satisfy different scenarios during the evolution to pure LTE/EPC
network.
ZTE CG
ZXUN CG is located between the EPC/PS/IMS network (SGSN, GGSN, SGW, PGW, CSCF, MGCF, AGCF, AS, etc.) and application system (Mediation,
billing center, statistic center, etc.). It collects and processes CDRs or ACRs generated by EPC/PS/IMS network element (NE), generates CDR files of
some format by coding, and sends them to the application system through the Bx interface
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Huawei Cloud Engine NFV

Network Function Virtualization, or NFV, is a way to reduce cost and accelerate service deployment
for network operators by decoupling functions like a firewall or encryption from dedicated hardware
and moving them to virtual servers.

Advantages of NFV
 Reduced space needed for network hardware
 Reduce network power consumption
 Reduced network maintenance costs
 Easier network upgrades
 Longer life cycles for network hardware
 Reduced maintenance and hardware costs
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v-EPC Network Elements

V_EPC solution uses the network functions virtualization (NFV) technology to virtualize the EPC system. This
solution accelerates service launch, builds a more open ecosystem, continuously improves service innovation
capabilities, and reduces device purchase and maintenance costs. The Cloud EPC is an important part of the
Huawei CloudEdge solution and consists of the following network elements (NEs):

 CloudUSN: supports serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and mobility management entity (MME) functions.
 CloudUGW: supports serving gateway (S-GW), PDN gateway (P-GW), gateway GPRS support node (GGSN), evolved packet data gateway (ePDG), and trusted gateway  (TGW) functions.
• CloudCG: supports charging gateway (CG) functions

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Involved Packet Core vEPC

E9000 Converged Infrastructure Blade Server Chassis Provides 16 slots in a 12U chassis that includes EOR switches are deployed at the end of each
redundant Power Supply Units (PSUs), heat-dissipation modules, management modules, and switch
row of cabinets to support server access.
modules. Extensive scalability allows E9000 servers to support a variety of services with 48 DIMMs and 15 x
2.5-inch hard disks in a full-width slot along with 2- and 4-socket compute nodes and support for I/O
acceleration using GPUs, PCIe SSDs, and GPUs for General-Purpose computing (GPGPUs). Switch module
choices enable the E9000 to handle a variety of services, with modules including GE, 10 GE, 40 GE,
Switches deployed in a server cabinet in TOR mode are called TOR switches. TOR switches are usually 1 U
to 2 U fixed switches, such as Huawei CE5800 and CE6800 series switches.
The main benefit of the TOR architecture is that it simplifies the server-switch connection. The GE, 10GE,
and 25GE interfaces on the server can be directly connected to the TOR switches through short cables, and
then the 10GE, 40GE, or 100GE interfaces on the TOR switches can be dual homed to the aggregation
switches through uplink optical fibers

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v-EPC Function Descriptions

Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): which is the control plane node that manages the QoS inside the EPS network and performs pricing actions.

Mobility Management  Entity (MME): which manages user mobility and handover execution

USN Functionality UGW Functionality

• SGSN • GGSN
• MME • PGW
• SGW

Serving Gateway (SGW): which is the node that connects each UE to the EPC by using a tunneling protocol called GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP). It is connected to
eNBs and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)

Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW): which is the node that connects the EPS network with external networks. It assures a connection to a
remote destination to each UE, through the assigning of an IP address.

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Control and User Plane

Control plane is protocols for which controlling the radio access bearers and the
connection between the UE and the network
The data plane (sometimes known as the user plane, forwarding plane, carrier
plane or bearer plane) is responsible for the transfer of user data, such as voice
or application data

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Signaling Follow for 4G from User to the EPC

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Signaling Follow for 4G from User to the EPC

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SGW Function
SGW : Interactions with other functional elements

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PGW Function
PGW: Interactions with other functional elements

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Signaling Follow for 234G from User to the EPC

Data Access for GPRS/UMTS Subscribers Data access for LTE subscribers

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Hormuud Users internet access

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New Service
Dhaweeye Service Premier Service

Rikaab Service WAAFI Service

Golis Roaming
Becco Service
Telesom Roaming

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How it Works

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Data Roaming Service

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Roaming IPs

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National Roaming – breakout through home PDN

Golis Network

Hormuud Network

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Troubleshooting Procedure For MBB and CPE Users

PHASE ONE PHASE TWO PHASE THREE

1. Check the Attachment (IMSI) 1. Check if Configured APN Correct 1. Check Data Balance
2. Check if the IMSI Status (Connected or Idle) 2. Check if mobile data On/Off 2. Do it trace from MME/vUGW
3. Check the Session of IMSI (has IP Pool)

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Check the Attachment (IMSI)

vUSN(OMO) Display IMIS

This command is used to query the IMSI of a subscriber by a mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN).

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Check if the IMSI Status (Connected or Idle)
vUSN(OMO) Display MMCTX

This command is used to query the information about the MM context, including the subscriber information, subscriber status, current tracking
area, and security information

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Check the Session of IMSI (has IP Pool)

vUSN(OMO) Display (SMCTX) Session Management Context

This command is used to query information about the session management context of a specific subscriber.

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On vDGW / vCGW Do it trace from MME/vUGW
Step 1 Step 3

Step 2
Step 4

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Link Status (S1APLNK)

vUSN(OMO) Display S1APLNK

This command is used to query the status of S1AP links

Note:
When no parameter is specified, the status of all S1AP links is queried. If the parameters are specified, the status of the specified S1AP link is queried.

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