Fluid Mechanics

Course Outcome 1
PHY02: General Physics 2

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Learning Targets
 Relate and understand density, specific gravity, mass, and
volume to each other.
 Relate and understand pressure to area and force.
 Relate and define pressure to fluid density and depth.
 Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems.
 Apply the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle

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Prelimenaries

SOLID, LIQUID OR
GAS?
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 Fluids
• Fluids are materials that can flow. These includes both liquids and gases

Mass Density
• One of the important factors that determine the behavior of fluids.
• Mass per volume unit

• SI Unit:

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 TRUE OR FALSE

Two objects made of the same material

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Mass Density
• The body of a man whose weight is 690 N contains about 5.2 × 10−3 m3
(5.5 qt) of blood. Find the blood's weight

54 𝑁

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Mass Density

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What is the DENSEST
material on Earth?

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 METAL
OSMIUM

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 Specific Gravity/Relative Density
• Ratio of the density of a material to that of a standard reference
material, usually chosen to be water at 4°C

• Specific gravity is unitless

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Pressure

• SI Unit:
• Other units used for pressure
• 1 bar = 100,000 Pa
• 1 atm = 1.013 x105 Pa
• 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in2 (psi)

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Pressure
• Suppose that the pressure acting on the back of a swimmer's hand is 1.2
× 105 Pa, a realistic value near the bottom of the diving end of a pool.
The surface area of the back of the hand is 8.4 × 10−3 m2. (a) Determine
the magnitude of the force that acts on it.

1000 𝑁

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Pressure
1. As you climb a mountain, your ears “pop” because of the changes in atmospheric
pressure. In which direction, outward or inward, does your eardrum move (a) as you
climb up and (b) as you climb down?
2. A bottle of juice is sealed under partial vacuum, with a lid on which a red dot or
“button” is painted. Around the button the following phrase is printed: “Button pops
up when seal is broken.” Why does the button remain pushed in when the seal is
intact?
(a) The pressure inside the bottle is greater than the pressure outside the bottle.
(b) The pressure inside the bottle is less than the pressure outside the bottle.
(c) There is a greater force acting on the interior surface of the seal than acts on the
exterior surface.

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Pressure
3. A method for resealing a partially full bottle of wine under a vacuum
uses a specially designed rubber stopper to close the bottle. A simple
pump is attached to the stopper, and to remove air from the bottle, the
plunger of the pump is pulled up and then released. After about 15 pull-
and-release cycles the wine is under a partial vacuum. On the fifteenth
pull-and-release cycle, does it require
(a) more force,
(b) less force, or
(c) the same force to pull the plunger up than it did on the first cycle?

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Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

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Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
How pressure varies with depth in
a fluid with uniform density.

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Pressure and Depth in a Static
Fluid

𝑃 2 = 𝑃 1 + 𝜌 𝑔h

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Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
• The figure shows the cross
section of a swimming hole.
Points A and B are both located
at a distance of h = 5.50 m
below the surface of the water.
Find the pressure at each of
these two points.

5
1.55 ×10 𝑃𝑎

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Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
• In a huge oil tanker, salt water has flooded an
oil tank to a depth of h2 = 5.00 m. On top of
the water is a layer of oil h1 = 8.00 m deep, as
in the cross-sectional view of the tank in the
figure. The oil has a density of 0.700 g/cm3.
Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
(Take 1,025 kg/m3 as the density of salt water.)

5
2.06 ×10 𝑃𝑎

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Pressure Gauges

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Pressure Gauges

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Pressure Gauges

• Gauge Pressure – amount by which

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Pascal’s Principle
“Any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing walls.”

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Pascal’s Principle
“Any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing walls.”

𝐹 2=𝐹 1
( )
𝐴2
𝐴1

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 TRUE OR FALSE

Pressure is the same at any two points at

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Pascal’s Principle
• In a car lift used in a service station, compressed
air exerts a force on a small piston of circular
cross section having a radius of r1 = 5.00 cm. This
pressure is transmitted by an incompressible
liquid to a second piston of radius r2 = 15.0 cm. (a)
What force must the compressed air exert on the
small piston in order to lift a car weighing 13 300
N? Neglect the weights of the pistons. (b) What
air pressure will produce a force of that 5
magnitude? 2.06 ×10 𝑃𝑎

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Archimedes' Principle
Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is
partially or completely immersed in it; the magnitude
of the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid
that the object displaces:

• Buoyant Force: force exerted by all fluid to the

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Archimedes' Principle

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Archimedes' Principle
• A solid, square pinewood raft measures 4.0 m
on a side and is 0.30 m thick. (a) Determine
whether the raft floats in water, and (b) if so,
how much of the raft is beneath the surface.

floats

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Archimedes' Principle
• Normally, a Goodyear airship contains
about 5.40 × 103 m3 of helium (He), whose
density is 0.179 kg/m3. Find the weight WL
of the load that the airship can carry in
equilibrium at an altitude where the
density of air is 1.20 kg/m3.

4
5.40 ×10 𝑁

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Fluids in Motion
• Steady Flow: the velocity of the fluid
particles at any point is constant as the time
passes.
• Unsteady Flow: the velocity at a point in the
fluid changes as the time passes
• Turbulent Flow: extreme kind of unsteady flow;
the velocity changes erratically from moment to
moment.

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Fluids in Motion
• Fluid flow can be compressible or incompressible
• Compressible: Density is not constant when pressure changes (ie: most gasses)
• Incompressible: Density remains constant as pressure changes (ie: most liquids)
• Fluid flow can be viscous or nonviscous
• Viscosity: fluids’ resistance to deformation; fluids’ “thickness”

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Fluids in Motion
• Streamlines: used to represent the trajectories of the fluid particles

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Continuity Equation

The mass flow rate (ρAv) has the same value at every
position along a tube that has a single entry and a single
exit point for fluid flow.

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Continuity Equation
• Mass flow rate: mass of the fluid that flows through a tube for a given amount of
time. SI Unit: kg/s
• Incrompresible fluid:

• Volume flow rate: volume of the fluid that flows through a tube for a given
amount of time. SI Unit: m3/s

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Continuity Equation
• A garden hose has an unobstructed opening with a cross-sectional area of
2.85 × 10−4 m2, from which water fills a bucket in 30.0 s. The volume of the
bucket is 8.00 × 10−3 m3 (about two gallons). Find the speed of the water that
leaves the hose through (a) the unobstructed opening and (b) an obstructed
opening with half as much area.

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Continuity Equation
• In the condition known as atherosclerosis, a deposit, or atheroma, forms on
the arterial wall and reduces the opening through which blood can flow. In the
carotid artery in the neck, blood flows three times faster through a partially
blocked region than it does through an unobstructed region. Determine the
ratio of the effective radii of the artery at the two places.

1.7

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Bernoulli’s Equation

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Bernoulli’s Equation
In the steady flow of a non-
viscous, incompressible fluid of
density ρ, the pressure P, the
fluid speed v, and the elevation y
at any two points (1 and 2) are
related by:

1 2 1 2
𝑃 1+ 𝜌 𝑣 1 + 𝜌 𝑔 𝑦 1 =𝑃 2 + 𝜌 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 𝑦 2
2 2

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Bernoulli’s Equation
• A nearsighted sheriff fires at a cattle rustler with
his trusty six-shooter. Fortunately for the rustler,
the bullet misses him and penetrates the town
water tank, causing a leak. (a) If the top of the
tank is open to the atmosphere, determine the
speed at which the water leaves the hole when
the water level is 0.500 m above the hole. (b)
Where does the stream hit the ground if the hole
is 3.00 m above the ground? 3.13 m/s
2.45 m

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Bernoulli’s Equation
• A large pipe with a cross-sectional area of
1.00 m2 descends 5.00 m and narrows to
0.500 m2, where it terminates in a valve at
point 1. If the pressure at point 2 is
atmospheric pressure, and the valve is
opened wide and water allowed to flow
freely, find the speed of the water leaving
the pipe.
11.4 m/s

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Seatwork
1. A large rectangular tub is filled to a depth of 2.60 m with olive oil, which has density
915 kg/m3. If the tub has length 5.00 m and width 3.00 m, calculate (a) the weight of
the olive oil, (b) the force of air pressure on the surface of the oil, and (c) the pressure
exerted upward by the bottom of the tub.
2.Calculate the pressure on the top lid of a chest buried under 4.00 m of mud with
density equal to 1.75X103 kg/m3 at the bottom of a 10.0-m-deep lake.
3.A hydraulic lift has pistons with diameters 8.00 cm and 36.0 cm, respectively. If a force
of 825 N is exerted at the input piston, what maximum mass can be lifted by the
output piston?
4.A beach ball with a volume of 5000cm3 is pushed underwater. What is the magnitude
of the buoyant force pushing upwards?
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References
Serway, R. A., Vuille, C. (20170101). College Physics, Volume 1, 11th
Edition. [[VitalSource Bookshelf version]]. Retrieved from
vbk://9781337514637
Halliday, D., Resnick, R., Walker, J. (2014). Principles of
Physics,International Student Version, 10th Edition. [[VitalSource
Bookshelf version]]. Retrieved from vbk://9781118413784
Cutnell, J. D., Johnson, K. W., Young, D., Stadler, S. (2018). Physics, 11th
Edition. [[VitalSource Bookshelf version]]. Retrieved from
vbk://9781119326342  

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End of Presentation

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