Hardware

design
 Contents
Basics electronics
What is the circuit…?
Basics electronics component.
Hardware technical
info . Embedded Fab kit .
 Objective

Understand “how electronic circuit works”

Compromise the design tradeoffs
Capability to analyze and design simple electronic circuits
Smart House project
Hardware design
 Home security, door control

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Hardware design
 Home security, door control

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Hardware design
 Home security, motion detector

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Hardware design
 Home security, call alarm

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Hardware design
 Temperature control

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Hardware design
 Light control

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Hardware design
 Internet connection, Cloud

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Hardware design
 PC communication

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 Hardware design “black box system”
Power supply

Keypad LED indication (system on, off)

Light sensor Seven segment display (Temperature)
Temperature sensor LCD display (control)
Real time clock Air condition
Smoke sensor system Lamp
firmware update Buzzer (Alarm)
“Programmer” SC Card (save data)
PC Communication (offline mode)
Cloud Communication (online mode)
Hardware design

What is the next step

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Hardware design
 Think about the design (component)
– Inputs, output
• Number of pins.
• How much current can a microcontroller pin sink/source.
• What is the voltage required to drive the modules.
• How we can interface the modules with MCU (right wiring).
Hardware design
 Think about the design (component)
– Inputs, output
• Number of pins.
• How much current can a microcontroller pin sink/source.
• What is the voltage required to drive the modules.
• How we can interface the modules with MCU (right wiring).
Hardware design
Number of PIN’s
– Inputs, number of pins
• Analog input (sensors)
– Temperature sensor
– Light sensor
– Smoke sensor
• Digital input
– Keypad
Hardware design
Number of PIN’s
– Output, number of pins
• Analog output
– None
• Digital output
– LED indication
– Seven segment display
– LCD display
– Lamp
– Solenoid (door control)
– Buzzer
– Air condition
Hardware design
Number of PIN’s
– Serial communication (I/O), number of pins
• UART (PC communication, WiFi module)
• SPI (firmware upgrade)
Hardware design
Now we can choose the required MCU
Hardware design
 Think about the design (component)
– Inputs, output
• Number of pins.
• What is the power(voltage and current) required to drive
the modules.
• How much current can a microcontroller pin sink/source.
• How we can interface the modules with MCU (right wiring).
Hardware design
 Think about the design (component)
– Inputs, output
• How much current can a microcontroller pin sink/source.

Photo from atmega 32 data sheet page 284

Hardware design
 Think about the design (component)
– How to match between the modules and microcontroller
if the supplied current doesn’t enough.
• We using circuit driver (current driver)
Hardware design
 Think about the design (component)
– Inputs, output
• Number of pins.
• What is the power(voltage and current) required to drive
the modules.
• How much current can a microcontroller pin sink/source.
• How we can interface the modules with MCU (right wiring).
Hardware design
 All pins connected to microcontroller
– Current can be ignore
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Hardware design
VLED = 2v
ILED = 15mA
Hardware design
Hardware design
What is the following module need to current driver

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What is the circuit …?
Power supply Connection load

Power supply
AC source
DC
source
Connection
s
Copper
wires
Load
Resistive load
What is the circuit …?
• Circuit is This circular path, which is always required to
get
• electricity to flow and do something useful.
• The reason we want to build circuits is to make
electricity do useful things for us.
What is the circuit …?
• There are two types of circuit :
• Short circuit
•when we connect a wire directly from the positive
to the negative side of a power supply this will
damage circuit
• Open circuit
• this is a circuit where the loop isn’t fully connected
and no current pass to the load causing nothing to
do .
What is the circuit …?
The Difference Between Neutral and Earth
Ground
The Difference Between Neutral and Earth
Ground
Earth Leakage Relay working principle
Basics electronics component ……?
• All electrical components can be two main categories as
• active and passive devices. divided into
• The categorization is based on components’ capability to produce
• energy to the circuit.
• If any component delivers the power to the circuit, it belongs to
the
• active components.
• If the component utilizes energy, it is called a passive components
.
Basics electronics component ……?
Active components:
produce energy in the form of Voltage or Current
Active Components: Energy Donor
For Exemple: Diodes Transistors SCR etc…
Passive
components:
components
which store or
maintain Energy in
the form of
Voltage or
Current.
Passive
Basics electronics component ……?
Active components:
Diode ,Transistors , TRIAC, SCR , IC( integrated
circuit )
Passive component :
Resistors, capacitor, inductive, transducers
Electromechanical component :
Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators
relays, switches
Basics electronics component ……?
There are questions you need to answer to
understand this component :
What is the shape …..?
How it work ….?
How it read ….?
How it measured …..?
Basics electronics component ……?
Active components:
Diode
General diode .
Conduct electricity easily in one direction .
LED ( light emitting diode ) .
diode that emits light when current passes through it.
Zener diode .
Passes current in reverse direction to provide a
constant voltage reference
Photo diode .
Passes current in proportion to incident light
Basics electronics component ……?
Basics electronics component ……?
Each device has number with specific
features.
 Example.
Assume that
LED current is 10mA
LED biasing is 2volt
Design R
R = V/I
R = (Vcc-Vd)/Iled
R = (5-2)/(10*10-3)
R = 300 Ω
Example for zener diode.
Voltage regulation by break down voltage
Basics electronics component ……?
Transistors: NPN or PNP
A transistor is a three-terminal device in which a voltage applied to
one of the terminals (called the base) can control current that flows
across the other two terminals (called the collector and the
emitter).
Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT )
is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two
types of semiconductor for its operation
Photo transistor
Amplified photo detector
Darlington transistor
is a compound structure consisting of two bipolar
transistors connected in such a way that the current amplified by
the first transistor is amplified further by the second one
 Example.
2n2222
Support current 800mA
Max voltage 60V
Vbe = 0.7V
Transition frequency 100 MHz
β = 100
 Example.
Question that
Load current is …
Load Voltage drop is …
Design R(ohm &
power)
 Example.
Assume that
Relay current is max
Relay voltage is max
Design R

Solenoids and motors which create a back EMF when

power is switched off.
Because of that, the diode type 1N4001 is the device
recommended.
 Example.
Ic = 800mA
Ic = β * I b
Ib = 800/100 = 8mA
Vin = IBER+VBE
5 = 8 * 10-3 * R + 0.7
R = 537.5 ≈ 530 Ω
PR = IV
= 8 * 10-3 * (5-0.7)
= 34.4 mWatt
 Example.
Calculate R1, R2 and
power
 Example.
Calculate R1, R2 and
power
For power relay or power motor use power
transistor.
Basics electronics component ……?
IC ( integrated circuit ).
• Another name for a chip, an integrated
circuit (IC) is a small electronic device
made out of a semiconductor material.
• integrated circuits are used for a variety of
devices, including microprocessors, audio
and video equipment, and automobiles.
Integrated circuits are often classified by
the number of transistors
 Example.
ULN2003
Support current 500mA per pin
Max voltage 50V
Vbe = 0.7V
β = 100
 Example.
ULN2003
 Example.
ULN2003, use double pin to double current
Basics electronics component ……?
Passive component :
Resistors : is a component that resists the flow of current .
Normal resistor fixed value
Power resistor larger to safely dissipate heat generated
Potentiometer– three-terminal variable resistor (variable
voltage divider).
Trim pot – Small potentiometer, usually for internal adjustments
Photo resistor (LDR) - it is value change with light .
Thermistor – thermally sensitive resistor
NTC ( negative temperature
coefficient ) PTC( positive temperature
coefficient )
Basics electronics component ……?
Basics electronics component ……?
Basics electronics component ……?
Example.
Basics electronics component ……?
capacitor - is a device that can temporarily store an electric
charge.
Fixed capacitors
Ceramic capacitor
Electrolytic
capacitor

variable capacitor –
adjustable capacitance
Tuning capacitor –
variable capacitor
for tuning a radio,
oscillator.
Trim capacitor– small variable capacitor is usually for
slight internal adjustments made with a small screw
Basics electronics component ……?
Basics electronics component ……?
Basics electronics component ……?
Example.
Electrolytic capacitor
Applications ”Voltage Doubler ”
Electrolytic capacitor
Applications ”Voltage filtration”
Ceramic capacitor
Applications ”Resonator”
Ceramic capacitor
Applications ” De-coupling solution”

Photo from http://www.thebox.myzen.co.uk/Tutorial/De-coupling.html

Basics electronics component ……?
inductive - is a device that can temporarily store
acurrent
normal coil
Fixed coil
Variable
coil

Transformers
Step up transformer
Step down
transformer
Basics electronics component ……?
 Example.
Calculate transient time

Assume R = ∞
 = 0
 Example.
- Free Wheeling Diode used to eliminate
flyback (EMF)
- When coil discharging it will discharge in
the power supply also.(add ripple in the dc
supply)
 Example.
• To suppress the ripple coming form relay,
• We have two solution
 We add Ceramic capacitors near to
microcontroller
 Relay isolation using Optocoupler
 Example.
• Optocoupler

Photo from http://www.ermicro.com/blog/?p=423

Example.

Photo from http://www.ermicro.com/blog/?p=423

Basics electronics component ……?
Electromechanical component :
Piezoelectric devices
Buzzer – it emits sound when apply voltage
Relays –is an electrically operated switch
Switches - used to connect two things
together
Basics electronics component ……?
Example for buzzer
Hardware technical
info .
Pull up resistor
Pull down
resistor
What is the best, why?
Important note
 Think about the design (component)
– Power supply
Muahmmad.aboulhadeed@embeddedfab.
com