Fundamentals of Python: First Programs

Second Edition
Chapter 7
Simple Graphics and Image Processing

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use
as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for
classroom use. 1
 Objectives (1 of 2)
7.1 Use the concepts of object-based programming—classes,
objects, and methods—to solve a problem
7.2 Develop algorithms that use simple graphics operations to
draw two-dimensional shapes
7.3 Use the RGB system to create colors in graphics applications
and modify pixels in images

© 2018 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Objectives (2 of 2)
7.4 Develop recursive algorithms to draw recursive shapes
7.5 Write a nested loop to process a two-dimensional grid
7.6 Develop algorithms to perform simple transformations of
images, such as conversion of color to grayscale

© 2018 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Simple Graphics

• Graphics: Discipline that underlies the representation and display of geometric

shapes in two- and three-dimensional space
• A Turtle graphics toolkit provides a simple and enjoyable way to draw pictures
in a window
• turtle is a non-standard, open-source Python module

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4
 Overview of Turtle Graphics (1 of 2)

• Turtle graphics originally developed as part of the children’s programming

language Logo
• Created by Seymour Papert and his colleagues at M IT in the late 1960s
• Analogy: Turtle crawling on a piece of paper, with a pen tied to its tail
• Sheet of paper is a window on a display screen
• Position specified with (x, y) coordinates
- Cartesian coordinate system, with origin (0, 0) at the center of a window

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5
 Overview of Turtle Graphics (2 of 2)

Table 7-1 Some attributes of a turtle

Heading Specified in degrees, the heading or direction increases in value as

the turtle turns to the left, or counterclockwise. Conversely, a
negative quantity of degrees indicates a right, or clockwise, turn. the
turtle is initially facing east, or 0 degrees. North is 90 degree.
Color Initially black, the color can be changed to any of more than 16
million other colors.
Width This is the width of the line drawn when the turtle moves. The initial
width is 1 pixel. (You'll learn more about pixels shortly)

Down This attribute, which can be either true or false, controls whether the
turtle's pen is up or down. When true (that is, when the pen is down),
the turtle draws a line when it moves. When false (that is, when the
pen is up), the turtle can move without drawing a line.

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6
Turtle Operations (1 of 3)

Turtle Method What It Does

t = Turtle () Creates a new Turtle object and opens its window

t.home() Moves t to the center of the window and then points t east

t.up() Raises t’s pen from the drawing surface

t.down() Lowers t’s pen to the drawing surface

t.setheading(degrees) Points t in the indicated direction, which is specified in degrees

t.left(degrees) Rotates t to the left or the right by the specified degrees

t.right(degrees)
t.goto(x, y) Moves t to the specified position

t.forward(distance) Moves t to the specified distance in the current direction

t.pencolor(r, g, b) Changes the pen color of t to the specified RGB value or to the
t.pencolor(string) specified string
t.fillcolor(r, g, b) Changes the fill color of t to the specified RBG value or to the
t.fillcolor(string) specified string

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 7
Turtle Operations (2 of 3)

Turtle Method What It Does

t.begin_fill() Enclose a set of turtle commands that will draw a filled shape
t.end_fill() using the current fill color
t.clear() Erases all of the turtle’s drawings, without changing the
turtle’s state
t.width(pixels) Changes the width of t to the specified number of pixels

t.hideturtle() Makes the turtle invisible or visible

t.showturtle()
t.position() Returns the current position (x, y) of t

t.heading() Returns the current direction of t

t.isdown() Returns True if t’s pen is down or False otherwise

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 8
 Turtle Operations (3 of 3)

• Interface: set of methods of a given class

• Used to interact with an object
• Use docstring mechanism to view an interface
- help(<class name>)
- help(<class name>.<method name>)

def drawSquare(t, x, y, length):

“““Draws a square with the given turtle t, an upper-left
corner point (x, y), and a side's length.”””
t.up()
t.goto(x, y)
t.setheading(270)
t.down()
for count in range(4):
t.forward(length)
t.left(90)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 9
 Setting Up a turtle.cfg File and Running IDLE

• Turtle graphics configuration file (turtle.cfg)

• Contains initial settings of several attributes of Turtle, Screen, and Canvas objects
• Python creates default settings for these attributes
• The attributes in the file used for most of out examples are:
width = 300
height = 200
using_IDLE = True
colormode = 255

• To create a file with these settings:

• Open a text editor, enter the settings, and save the file as turtle.cfg

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 10
 Object Instantiation and the Turtle
Module (1 of 3)

• Before you apply any methods to an object, you must create the object (i.e., an
instance of)
• Instantiation: Process of creating an object
• Use a constructor to instantiate an object:
<variable name> = <class name>(<any arguments>)
• To instantiate the Turtle class:
>>> from turtle import Turtle
>>> t = Turtle()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11
 Object Instantiation and the Turtle
Module (2 of 3)

• To close a turtle’s window, click its close box

• Attempting to manipulate a turtle whose window has been closed raises an
error

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 12
 Object Instantiation and the Turtle
Module (3 of 3)
>>> t.width(2) # For bolder lines
>>> t.left(90) # Turn to face north
>>> t.forward(30) # Draw a vertical line in black
>>> t.left(90) # Turn to face west
>>> t.up() # Prepare to move without drawing
>>> t.forward(10) # Move to beginning of horizontal line
>>> t.setheading(0) # Turn to face east
>>> t.pencolor("red")
>>> t.down() # Prepare to draw
>>> t.forward(20) # Draw a horizontal line in red
>>> t.hideturtle() # Make the turtle invisible

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 13
 Drawing Two-Dimensional Shapes (1 of 3)

• Many graphics applications use vector graphics, or the drawing of simple two-
dimensional shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, and circles
• Example code:
def square(t, length):
“““Draws a square with the given length.”””
for count in range(4):
t.forward(length)
t.left(90)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 14
 Drawing Two-Dimensional Shapes (2 of 3)

• The code for a function to draw a pattern named radialHexagons, expects a

turtle, the number of hexagons, and the length of a side as arguments:
def radialHexagons(t, n, length):
“““Draws a radial pattern of n hexagons with the given length.”””
for count in range(n):
hexagon(t, length)
t.left(360 / n)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 15
 Drawing Two-Dimensional Shapes (3 of 3)

• The code for drawing a radial pattern using any regular polygon followed by a
session using it with squares and hexagons:
def radialpattern(t, n, length, shape):
“““Draws a radial pattern of n shapes with the given length.”””
for count in range(n):
shape(t, length)
t.left(360 / n)

>>> t = Turtle()
>>> radialPattern(t, n = 10, length = 50, shape = square)
>>> t.clear()
>>> radialPattern(t, n = 10, length = 50, shape = hexagon)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 16
 Examining an Object’s Attributes

• Mutator methods - methods that change the internal state of a Turtle object
• Accessor methods – methods that return the values of a Turtle object’s
attributes without altering its state
• Code that shows accessor methods in action:
>>> from turtle import Turtle
>>> t = Turtle()
>>> t.position()
(0.0, 0.0)
>>> t.heading()
0.0
>>> t.isdown()
True

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 17
 Manipulating a Turtle’s Screen

• Access a turtle’s Screen object using the notation t.screen

• Then call a Screen method with this object
• Methods window_width() and window_height() can be used to locate the
boundaries of a turtle’s window
• Code that resets the screen’s background color:
>>> from turtle import Turtle
>>> t = Turtle()
>>> t.screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> x = t.screen.window_width() // 2
>>> y = t.screen.window_height() // 2
>>> print((−x, y), (x, −y))

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 18
 Taking a Random Walk (1 of 2)

from turtle import Turtle

import random

def randomWalk(t, turns, distance = 20):

“““Turns a random number of degrees and moves a given
distance for a fixed number of turns.”””
for x in range(turns):
if x % 2 == 0:
t.left(random.randint(0, 270))
else:
t.right(random.randint(0, 270))
t.forward(distance)
def main():
t = Turtle()
t.shape(“turtle”)
randomWalk(t, 40, 30)
if __name__ == “__main__”:
main()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 19
Taking a Random Walk (2 of 2)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 20
 Colors and the RGB System (1 of 2)

• Display area on a computer screen is made up of colored dots called picture

elements or pixels
• Each pixel represents a color – the default is black
• Change the color by running the pencolor method
• RGB is a common system for representing colors
• RGB stands for red, green, and blue
• Each color component can range from 0 – 255
- 255  maximum saturation of a color component
- 0  total absence of that color component
• A true color system

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 21
 Colors and the RGB System (2 of 2)

• Each color component requires 8 bits; total number of bits needed to represent
a color value is 24
• Total number of RGB colors is 224 (16,777,216)

Color RGB Value

Black (0, 0, 0)

Red (255, 0, 0)

Green (0, 255, 0)

Blue (0, 0, 255)

Yellow (255, 255, 0)

Gray (127, 127, 127)

White (255, 255, 255)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 22
 Example: Filling Radial Patterns with
Random Colors (1 of 5)

• The Turtle class includes a pencolor method for changing the turtle’s drawing
color
• Expects integers for the three RGB components
• Script that draws radial patterns of squares and hexagons with random fill
colors at the corners of turtle’s window (output is shown in Figure 7-5):
“““
File: randompatterns.py
Draws a radial pattern of squares in a random fill color
at each corner of the window.
”””
from turtle import Turtle
from polygons import *
import random

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 23
 Example: Filling Radial Patterns with
Random Colors (2 of 5)

def drawPattern(t, x, y, count, length, shape):

“““Draws a radial pattern with a random
fill color at the given position.”””
t.begin_fill()
t.up()
t.goto(x, y)
t.setheading(0)
t.down()
t.fillcolor(random.randint(0, 255),
random.randint(0, 255),
random.randint(0, 255))
radialPattern(t, count, length, shape)
t.end_fill()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 24
 Example: Filling Radial Patterns with
Random Colors (3 of 5)

def main():
t = Turtle()
t.speed(0)
# Number of shapes in radial pattern
count = 10
# Relative distances to corners of window from center
width = t.screen.window_width() // 2
height = t.screen.window_height() // 2
# Length of the square
length = 30
# Inset distance from window boundary for squares
inset = length * 2
# Draw squares in upper-left corner
drawPattern(t, −width + inset, height − inset, count,
length, square)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 25
 Example: Filling Radial Patterns with
Random Colors (4 of 5)

# Draw squares in lower-left corner

drawPattern(t, −width + inset, inset − height, count,
length, square)
# Length of the hexagon
length = 20
# Inset distance from window boundary for hexagons
inset = length * 3
# Draw hexagons in upper−right corner
drawPattern(t, width - inset, height − inset, count,
length, hexagon)
# Draw hexagons in lower−right corner
drawPattern(t, width − inset, inset − height, count,
length, hexagon)
if _name_== “_main_”:
main()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 26
Example: Filling Radial Patterns with
Random Colors (5 of 5)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 27
 Image Processing

• Digital image processing includes the principles and techniques for the
following:
• The capture of images with devices such as flatbed scanners and digital cameras
• The representation and storage of images in efficient file formats
• Constructing the algorithms in image-manipulation programs such as Adobe
Photoshop

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 28
 Analog and Digital Information

• Computers must use digital information which consists of discrete values

• Example: Individual integers, characters of text, or bits
• The information contained in images, sound, and much of the rest of the
physical world is analog
• Analog information contains a continuous range of values
• Ticks representing seconds on an analog clock’s face represent an attempt to
sample moments of time as discrete values (time itself is analog)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 29
 Sampling and Digitizing Images

• A visual scene projects an infinite set of color and intensity values onto a two-
dimensional sensing medium
• If you sample enough of these values, digital information can represent an image
more or less indistinguishable (to human eye) from original scene
• Sampling devices measure discrete color values at distinct points on a two-
dimensional grid
• These values are pixels
• As more pixels are sampled, the more realistic the resulting image will appear

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 30
 Image File Formats

• Once an image has been sampled, it can be stored in one of many file formats
• A raw image file saves all of the sampled information
• Data can be compressed to minimize its file size
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
- Uses lossless compression and a lossy scheme
• GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
- Uses a lossy compression and a color palette of up to 256 of the most prevalent colors in the
image

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 31
 Image-Manipulation Operations

• Image-manipulation programs either transform the information in the pixels or

alter the arrangement of the pixels in the image
• Examples:
• Rotate an image
• Convert an image from color to grayscale
• Apply color filtering to an image
• Highlight a particular area in an image
• Blur all or part of an image
• Sharpen all or part of an image
• Control the brightness of an image
• Perform edge detection on an image
• Enlarge or reduce an image’s size
• Apply color inversion to an image
• Morph an image into another image

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 32
 The Properties of Images

• The coordinates of pixels in the two-dimensional grid of an image range from

(0, 0) at the upper-left corner to (width−1, height−1) at lower-right corner
• width/height are the image’s dimensions in pixels
• Thus, the screen coordinate system for the display of an image is different from the
standard Cartesian coordinate system that we used with Turtle graphics
• The RGB color system is a common way of representing the colors in images

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 33
 The images Module (1 of 5)

• The images module is a non-standard, open-source Python tool

• Image class represents an image as a two-dimensional grid of R GB values
• The following session with the interpreter does the following:
• Imports the Image class from the images module
• Instantiates this class using the file named smokey.gif
• Draws the image

>>> from images import Image

>>> image = Image("smokey.gif")
>>> image.draw()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 34
 The images Module (2 of 5)

• Once an image has been created, you can examine its width and height, as
follows:
>>> image.getWidth()
198
>>> image.getHeight()
149

• Alternatively, you can print the image’s string representation:

>>> print(image)
Filename: smokey.gif
Width: 198
Height: 149

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 35
 The images Module (3 of 5)

• The method getPixel returns a tuple of the RGB values at the given coordinates
• The following session shows the information for the pixel at position (0,0):
>>> image.getPixel(0, 0)
(194, 221, 114)
• The programmer can use the method setPixel to replace an RGB value at a
given position in an image:
>>> image = Image(150, 150)
>>> image.draw()
>>> blue = (0, 0, 255)
>>> y = image.getHeight() // 2
>>> for x in range(image.getWidth()):
image.setPixel(x, y - 1, blue)
image.setPixel(x, y, blue)
image.setPixel(x, y + 1, blue)
>>> image.draw()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 36
The images Module (4 of 5)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 37
 The images Module (5 of 5)

• Use the save operation to write an image back to an existing file using the
current filename
• The following code saves the new image using the filename horizontal.g if:
>>> image.save("horizontal.gif")

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 38
 A Loop Pattern for Traversing a Grid (1 of 2)

• Most of the loops we have used in this book have had a linear loop structure
• Many image-processing algorithms use a nested loop structure to traverse a
two-dimensional grid of pixels

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 39
 A Loop Pattern for Traversing a Grid (2 of 2)

• The following loop uses a row-major traversal

>>> width = 2
>>> height = 3
>>> for y in range(height):
for x in range(width):
print((x, y), end = " ")
print()
(0, 0) (1, 0)
(0, 1) (1, 1)
(0, 2) (1, 2)
• We use this template to develop many of the algorithms that follow:
for y in range(height):
for x in range(width):
<do something at position (x, y)>

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 40
 A Word on Tuples

• A pixel’s RGB values are stored in a tuple:

>>> image = Image("smokey.gif")
>>> (r, g, b) = image.getPixel(0, 0)

>>> r
194
>>> g
221
>>> b
114

>>> image.setPixel(0, 0, (r + 10, g + 10, b + 10))

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 41
 Converting an Image to Black and
White (1 of 2)

• For each pixel, compute average of R/G/B values

• Then, reset pixel’s color values to 0 (black) if the average is closer to 0, or to 255
(white) if the average is closer to 255
def blackAndWhite(image):
“““Converts the argument image to black and white.”””
blackPixel = (0, 0, 0)
whitePixel = (255, 255, 255)
for y in range(image.getHeight()):
for x in range(image.getWidth()):
(r, g, b) = image.getPixel(x, y)
average = (r + g + b) // 3
if average < 128:
image.setPixel(x, y, blackPixel)
else:
image.setPixel(x, y, whitePixel)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 42
Converting an Image to Black and
White (2 of 2)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43
 Converting an Image to Grayscale (1 of 3)

• Black and white photographs contain various shades of gray known as grayscale
• Grayscale can be an economical scheme (the only color values might be 8, 16,
or 256 shades of gray)
• A simple method:
average = (r + g + b) // 3
image.setPixel(x, y, (average, average, average)

• Problem: Does not reflect manner in which different color components affect
human perception
• Scheme needs to take differences in luminance into account

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 44
 Converting an Image to Grayscale (2 of 3)

def grayscale(image):
“““Converts the argument image to grayscale.”””
for y in range(image.getHeight()):
for x in range(image.getWidth()):
(r, g, b) = image.getPixel(x, y)
r = int(r * 0.299)
g = int(g * 0.587)
b = int(b * 0.114)
lum = r + g + b
image.setPixel(x, y, (lum, lum, lum))

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 45
Converting an Image to Grayscale (3 of 3)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 46
 Copying an Image

• The method clone builds and returns a new image with the same attributes as
the original one, but with an empty string as the filename
>>> from images import Image
>>> image = Image("smokey.gif")
>>> image.draw()
>>> newImage = image.clone() # Create a copy of image
>>> newImage.draw()
>>> grayscale(newImage) # Change in second window only
>>> newImage.draw()
>>> image.draw() # Verify no change to original

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 47
 Blurring an Image
• Pixilation can be mitigated by blurring
def blur(image):
"""Builds and returns a new image which is a
blurred copy of the argument image."""
def tripleSum(triple1, triple2):
#1
(r1, g1, b1) = triple1
(r2, g2, b2) = triple2
return (r1 + r2, g1 + g2, b1 + b2)
new = image.clone()
for y in range(1, image.getHeight() - 1):
for x in range(1, image.getWidth() - 1):
oldP = image.getPixel(x, y)
left = image.getPixel(x - 1, y) # To left
right = image.getPixel(x + 1, y) # To right
top = image.getPixel(x, y - 1) # Above
bottom = image.getPixel(x, y + 1) # Below
sums = reduce(tripleSum,
[oldP, left, right, top, bottom])
#2
averages = tuple(map(lambda x: x // 5, sums))
#3
new.setPixel(x, y, averages)
return new

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 48
 Edge Detection (1 of 3)

• Edge detection removes the full colors to uncover the outlines of the objects
represented in the image
def detectEdges(image, amount):
“““Builds and returns a new image in which the edges of
the argument image are highlighted and the colors are
reduced to black and white.”””

def average(triple):
(r, g, b) = triple
return (r + g + b) // 3

blackPixel = (0, 0, 0)
whitePixel = (255, 255, 255)
new = image.clone()

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 49
 Edge Detection (2 of 3)

• Edge detection (continued)

for y in range(image.getHeight() − 1):
for x in range(1, image.getWidth()):
oldPixel = image.getPixel(x, y)
leftPixel = image.getPixel(x − 1, y)
bottomPixel = image.getPixel(x, y + 1)
oldLum = average(oldPixel)
leftLum = average(leftPixel)
bottomLum = average(bottomPixel)
if abs(oldLum − leftLum) > amount or \
abs(oldLum − bottomLum) > amount:
new.setPixel(x, y, blackPixel)
else:
new.setPixel(x, y, whitePixel)
return new

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 50
Edge Detection (3 of 3)

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 51
 Reducing the Image Size (1 of 2)

• The size and the quality of an image on a display medium depend on two
factors:
• Image’s width and height in pixels
• Display medium’s resolution
- Measured in pixels, or dots per inch (D PI)

• The resolution of an image can be set before the image is captured

• A higher DPI causes sampling device to take more samples (pixels) through the two-
dimensional grid
• A size reduction usually preserves an image’s aspect ratio
• Reducing an image’s size throws away some of its pixel information

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 52
 Reducing the Image Size (2 of 2)

def shrink(image, factor):

“““Builds and returns a new image which is a smaller
copy of the argument image, by the factor argument.”””
width = image.getWidth()
height = image.getHeight()
new = Image(width // factor, height // factor)
oldY = 0
newY = 0
while oldY < height - factor:
oldX = 0
newX = 0
while oldX < width - factor:
oldP = image.getPixel(oldX, oldY)
new.setPixel(newX, newY, oldP)
oldX += factor
newX += 1
oldY += factor
newY += 1
return new

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 53
 Chapter Summary (1 of 3)

• Object-based programming uses classes, objects, and methods to solve

problems
• A class specifies a set of attributes and methods for the objects of that class
• The values of the attributes of a given object make up its state
• A new object is obtained by instantiating its class
• The behavior of an object depends on its current state and on the methods that
manipulate this state
• The set of a class’s methods is called its interface

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 54
 Chapter Summary (2 of 3)

• Turtle graphics is a lightweight toolkit used to draw pictures in a Cartesian

coordinate system
• RGB system represents a color value by mixing integer components that
represent red, green, and blue intensities
• A grayscale system uses 8, 16, or 256 distinct shades of gray
• Digital images are captured by sampling analog information from a light source,
using a device such as a digital camera or a flatbed scanner
• Can be stored in several formats, like J PEG and GIF

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 55
 Chapter Summary (3 of 3)

• When displaying an image file, each color value is mapped onto a pixel in a two-
dimensional grid
• A nested loop structure is used to visit each position
• Image-manipulation algorithms either transform pixels at given positions or
create a new image using the pixel information of a source image

© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 56