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On Structure of Atom

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JYOTI VERMA
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172 views

On Structure of Atom

Uploaded by

JYOTI VERMA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC -: HISTORICAL

EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURE OF
ATOM
INDE
X
1. J.J. THOMSON’S MODEL
2. RUTHERFORD’S MODEL
3. BOHR’S MODEL
4. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
5. SUMMARY
J.J. THOMSON’S MODEL OF AN
ATOM
Thomson proposed the model of an atom to
be similar to that of a Christmas pudding.
The electrons, in a sphere of positive charge,
were like currants (dry fruits) in a spherical
Christmas pudding. We can also think of a
watermelon, the positive charge in the atom
is spread all over like the red edible part of
the watermelon, while the electrons are
studded in the positively charged sphere, like
the seeds in the watermelon.
THOMSON
PROPOSED

Thomson proposed that:-


(I) An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons
are embedded in it.
(II) The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. So,
the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
DRAWBACKS OF THOMON’S ATOMIC
MODEL
1. The model failed to mention the presence of a nucleus in the atom.
2. It failed to explain how the positive charge can contain the negatively
charged electrons. In other words, it could not account for the stability of
the atom.
3. Thomson’s model failed to explain the scattering of alpha particles by thin
metal foils.
4. No experimental evidence in its support.
RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF AN
ATOM
He explained the structure of atoms . The
model derived that the atom is nothing but a
small tiny dense mass that has a positively
charged body present in the core which is
presently known as the nucleus where the
entire mass of the atom is concentrated and
around it revolves the negatively charged
light electrons at a certain distance much
like the planets revolving around the sun. 
RUTHERFORD’S OBSERVATIONS
The following observations were made:-
(i) Most of the fast moving α-particles passed straight
through the gold foil.
(ii) Some of the α-particles were deflected by the foil by
small angles.
(iii)Surprisingly one out of every 12000 particles appeared
to rebound.
(iv)There is a positively charged center in an atom called
the nucleus. Nearly all the mass of an atom resides in
the nucleus.
(v) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular
paths.
(vi)The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to
the size of the atom.
DRAWBACKS OF RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC
MODEL

• Rutherford atomic model failed to explain about the stability of electrons in a circular
path.
• As per Rutherford’s model, electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular path.
• But particles that are in motion on a circular path would undergo acceleration, and
acceleration causes radiation of energy by charged particles.
• Eventually, electrons should lose energy and fall into the nucleus.
• This points to the instability of the atom. But this is not possible because atoms are stable.
BOHR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM

Bohr theory explaining that electrons move in fixed


orbitals (shells) and not anywhere in between and he
also explained that each orbit (shell) has a fixed energy
level. Rutherford basically explained the nucleus of an
atom and Bohr modified that model into electrons and
their energy levels.
Bohr’s model consists of a small nucleus (positively
charged) surrounded by negative electrons moving
around the nucleus in orbits. He found that an electron
located away from the nucleus has more energy, and
electrons close to the nucleus have less energy.
POSTULATES OF BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
• In an atom, electrons (negatively charged) revolve around the positively
charged nucleus in a definite circular path called orbits or shells.

• Each orbit or shell has a fixed energy and these circular orbits are known
as orbital shells.

• The energy levels are represented by an integer (n=1, 2, 3…) known as


the quantum number. This range of quantum number starts from nucleus
side with n=1 having the lowest energy level. The orbits n=1, 2, 3, 4… are
assigned as K, L, M, N…. shells and when an electron attains the lowest
energy level, it is said to be in the ground state.

• The electrons in an atom move from a lower energy level to a higher


energy level by gaining the required energy and an electron moves from a
higher energy level to lower energy level by losing energy.
DRAWBACKS OF BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
i) It is valid only for one electron atoms, eg: H, He+, etc.

ii) Orbits were taken as circular but according to Sommer filed these are elliptical.

iii) Intensity of spectral lies could not be explained.

iv) Nucleus was taken as stationary but it also rotates on its own axis.

v) It could not be explained the minute structure in spectrum line.

vi) This does not explain the Zeeman effect (splitting up of spectral lines in magnetic filed) and Stark effect
(splitting up in electric filed)

vii) This does not explain the doublets in the spectrum of some of the atoms.
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
Dalton’s atomic theory stated that all matter was
made up of small, indivisible particles known as
‘atoms’.

All substances, according to Dalton’s atomic theory,


are made up of atoms, which are indivisible and
indestructible building units. While an element’s
atoms were all the same size and mass, various
elements possessed atoms of varying sizes and
masses.
POSTULATES OF DALTON’S ATOMIC
THEORY
• All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a specific elements are identical in mass, size, and other properties.
However, atoms of different element exhibit different properties and vary in mass
and size.
• Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. Furthermore, atoms cannot be divided
into smaller particles.
• Atoms of different elements can combine with each other in fixed whole-number
ratios in order to form compounds.
• Atoms can be rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions.
DRAWBACKS OF DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

• It does not account for subatomic particles: Dalton’s atomic theory stated that atoms were
indivisible. However, the discovery of subatomic particles (such as protons, electrons, and neutrons)
disproved this postulates.
• It does not account for isotopes: As per Dalton’s atomic theory, all atoms of an element have
identical masses and densities. However, different isotopes of elements have different atomic masses
(Example: hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium).
• It does not account for isobars: This theory states that the masses of the atoms of two different
elements must differ. However, it is possible for two different elements to share the same mass
number. Such atoms are called isobars (Example: 40Ar and 40Ca).
• Elements need not combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds: Certain
complex organic compounds do not feature simple ratios of constituent atoms. Example:
sugar/sucrose (C11H22O11).

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