FIRE SAFETY EDUCATION

BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION

ROSARIO FIRE STATION
Telephone No. (072) 682-0041
Sun: 09330256987
Globe: 09174822473
[email protected]
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 FIRE OVERVIEW
• Fire, helpful and destructive to mankind, is
more than a necessary evil: controlled, it
provides warmth and food, but
uncontrolled, it produces death and
destruction.

• Because of the power of fire, its

unintentional origin and behavior are
difficult to predict and determine.
 FIRE OVERVIEW
• In order to understand the behavior of fire,
one must have an understanding of the
chemical principles that control its origin and
spread and the physical phenomena that
result from its behavior.

• Fire itself is a chemical phenomenon, all

fuels are (synthetic or organic) chemical
compounds and when fuel is ignited, the
result is a chemical reaction with predictable
physical effects.
 A fire will double every 30 Seconds under normal conditions.

 In as little as 3 minutes, a small fire can erupt into a

“FLASHOVER”.

 A small fire can produce enough smoke to fill a building in

minutes.

 Smoke results in:

 Teary eyes
 Choking sensation
 Impaired judgment due to Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Loss of spatial recognition
 Sedation effect - Respiratory failure
 Within minutes, air temperature in a burning room can reach 300
degrees Celsius. This temperature is hot enough to melt clothes, skin and
scorch your lungs in one breathe.

 Temperatures can climb to between 650-760 degrees Celsius.

 Most people who die in fires, die from breathing smoke and toxic
gases.

 Carbon Oxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Ammonia and hundreds of

other irritants attack your eyes, nose, throat and lungs.

 They numb your senses and leave you dazed.

Makes you disorientated and stops you from thinking and
breathing.

Makes you breathe faster, which puts to rest the option of

holding your breath.

Mixes with moisture in the eyes, nose and throat, which

causes coughing and hacking. Then turns into nitric acid,
which starts to burn the tissue.
 FIRE ?!?

• Is a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process of

combustible materials accompanied by the
evolution of heat and light of varying intensity.
 The diffusion flame process (fire) is a
rapid self-sustaining oxidation process of combustible
materials accompanied by the evolution of heat and light
of varying intensities.
FIRE consists of
three basic elements, as
represented by the fire
triangle: HEAT, FUEL
and OXYGEN.
These basic
components have been
recognized in the science
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
• Oxygen or Oxidizing agents are those materials
that yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases during
the course of a chemical reaction. Oxidizers are
not themselves combustible, but they support
combustion when combined with a fuel.

• Fuel is the material or substance being oxidized

or burned in the combustion process.
 ELEMENTS OF FIRE
• Heat is the energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When
heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy supports the
combustion reaction.

• Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel (in the

gaseous or vapor state), an oxidizer, and a heat energy to
come together in a very specific way. Once flaming
combustion or fire occurs, it can only continue when enough
heat energy is produced to cause the continued development
of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this type of reaction a
“chain reaction”. A chain reaction is a series of reactions that
occur in sequence with the result of each individual reaction
being added to the rest.
 Fire Tetrahedron
For combustion to occur,
four components are
necessary:
•Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
•Fuel
•Heat
•Self-sustained chemical
reaction
 Fire Tetrahedron

Each component of the tetrahedron must

be in place for combustion to occur. Remove
one of the three components and combustion
will not occur. If ignition has already occurred,
the fire is extinguished when one of the
components is removed from the reaction.
 Fire Development
When the four
components of the fire
tetrahedron come
together, ignition occurs.
For a fire to grow
beyond the first material
ignited, heat must be
transmitted beyond the
first material to
additional fuel packages.
Stages of Fire
• Ignition
• Growth
• Flashover
• Fully-Developed
• Decay
 TEMPERATURE RISE

FLASH-OVER
POST FLASH-OVER

GROWTH

IGNITION

FULLY DEVELOPED DECAY

FIRE

TIME
 Stages of Fire
• Ignition. Describes the period when the four
elements of the fire tetrahedron come
together and combustion begins

• Growth. Shortly after ignition, a fire plume

begins to form above the burning fuel. As the
plume develops, it begins to draw or entrain
air from the surrounding space into the
column
Stages of Fire continued. .
.
• Flashover. Is the transition between the
growth and the fully developed fire stages and
is not a specific event such as ignition. During
flashover, conditions in the compartment
change very rapidly as the fire changes from
one that is dominated by the burning of the
materials first ignited to one that involves all
of the exposed combustible surfaces within
the compartment
 Stages of Fire continued. . .
• Fully developed Stage. Occurs when all
combustible materials in the compartment are
involved in the fire.

• Decay. As the fire consumes the available fuel

in the compartment, the rate of heat released
begins to decline
 HEAT TRANSFER
• Conduction- the transfer of heat through a
solid medium
• Convection- transfer of heat through a
circulating fluid or gas.
• Radiation- transfer of heat without direct
contact or heating a fluid or air between
objects.
 Fire Extinguishment
Theory
Fire is extinguished by limiting or
interrupting one or more of the essential
elements in the combustion process (fire
tetrahedron). A fire may be extinguished by:

* Reducing its Temperature (Cooling)

* Removal of available Fuel (Starving)
* Exclusion of Oxygen (Blanketing)
* Inhibition of Self-Sustained Chemical
Chain Reaction. (Inhibition)
 Classes of Fire
CLASS A
• Fires involving ordinary combustibles such as:
wood, paper, cloth, plastics and rubber.
• It can be extinguished with water, water-
based agents or foam, and multi-purpose dry
chemicals.
• Water is usually used by the fire dept.
CLASS B

• Fires involving flammable and combustible

liquids, gases and greases such as: gasoline,
oils, alcohol, propane.
• Common extinguishing agents are carbon
dioxide (CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry
chemical and foam.
CLASS C
• Fires involving energized electrical equipment, which
eliminates the use of water-based agents to put them
out.
• The recommended method of fighting these fires is to
turn-off or disconnect electrical power and then use an
appropriate extinguisher depending on the remaining
fuel source.
• Extinguishing agents includes carbon dioxide (CO2),
regular and multi-purpose dry chemical.
CLASS D
• Fires involving combustible metals and alloys
such as: magnesium, sodium, lithium, and
potassium.
• Great case must be used when attempting to
extinguish in these types of fuels.
• Extinguishing agents for this class of fire are
called dry powders and should not be confused
with dry chemical.
Class K
•Is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and
involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such as
vegetable or animal oils and fats.
•Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but involves
high temperature cooking oils and therefore have
special characteristics.
•Class K agents are usually wet chemicals.
Portable First Aid Appliance
• Is a device within its chemical, fluids,& gases
for extinguishing and used for small area of
fire.
• Is designed to fight small incipient or unusual
ones that are not easily put out of water.
• Formerly known as “fire extinguisher”
 PARTS
• Handle • Siphon tube
• Operation lever • Label
• Safety pin • Inspection tag
• Safety pin lock • Hose
• Pressure gauge • Nozzle
• Cylinder
 Although extinguishers can vary in size, color and type of
extinguishing agent, all devices operate basically the same way.
If the fire is small and heavy smoke is NOT present and you
have an exit available to you for evacuation purposes, grab the
nearest appropriate extinguisher and the P-A-S-S procedure.
 P -PULL the pin located in the
extinguisher's handle.
A -  AIM the nozzle or horn at the base of the fire. Aim the discharge
toward the base of the flames. Do not aim the fire extinguisher directly
onto the source, as it may spread the flames. Begin discharging 8-10
feet away from the fire source.

S -SQUEEZE or press the handle and

operation lever

S . SWEEP from side to side at the

-
base of the fire until it is out.
 Fire Protection Strategies
1. Pre-Fire Planning- to know the problems and
what to do in case fire starts in a particular
building or area.
2. Size-up- an estimate of the situation.
3. Rescue- Removal of victims from endangered
areas and bringing them to a place of safety.
4. Cover Exposure- to prevent the fire from
extending to other involved
building/structure.
 Fire Protection Strategies
5. Confinement- to prevent the fire from extending
to other uninvolved portions of the burning
building.
6. Ventilation- to displace smoke, hot, poisonous or
toxic gases from a contaminated area and
replacing them with fresh air from outside.
7. Extinguishment- to put out the main body of fire.
8. Salvage- to protect properties of value from
preventable damages due to sources other than
the fire.
 Fire Protection Strategies
9. Overhauling- to prevent the fire from
rekindling.
10. Post Fire Analysis- a critique of the fire
operations conducted.
    INSTALL SMOKE ALARMS
  Smoke alarms save lives by warning you
about a fire while there's time to escape. Install
alarms on every floor of your home, including
the basement, and outside each sleeping area -
inside as well, if you sleep with the door closed -
and test them once a month. Smoke alarms lose
their sensitivity over time. Replace alarms 10 or
more years old.

   AUTOMATIC HOME FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Consider installing an automatic home fire sprinkler system in
your home. Sprinklers can contain and even extinguish a home
fire in less time than it takes the fire department to arrive.
 PLAN YOUR ESCAPE
  If there’s a fire, you have to get out
fast, so be prepared. Draw a floor plan
of your home, marking two ways out of
each room. Go over the plan with your
household so that everyone knows
how to escape if there's a fire, then
physically walk through each escape
route. Decide on an outside meeting
place in front of your home where
everyone will meet after they've
escaped. Practice your escape plan by
holding a fire drill twice a year.
 IN A FIRE, CRAWL LOW
UNDER SMOKE
  Smoke and heat rise, so
during a fire there's cleaner,
cooler air near the floor.
Always try another exit if you
encounter smoke when you are
escaping a fire. But if you have
to escape through smoke, crawl
on your hands and knees with
you head I to 2 feet (30 to 60
centimeters) above the floor.
   SMOKERS' SAFETY


  Don't smoke in bed or
when you're drowsy. Give
smokers large, deep, non-tip
ash trays, and soak butts and
ashes before dumping them.
If someone has been smoking
in your home, check on and
around furniture, including
under cushions, for
smoldering cigarettes.
COOK SAFELY
  Always stay with the stove


when cooking, or turn off burners
if you walk away. Wear clothes
with snug - rolled up - sleeves
when you cook to avoid catching
your clothes on fire. Turn pot
handles inward where you can't
bump them and children can't grab
them, and enforce a "kid-free
zone" 3 feet around your stove
when you cook.
   KEEP MATCHES AND LIGHTERS OUT OF SIGHT
Keep matches and lighters away from children. Lock them up high
and out of reach, and use only child- resistant lighters. Teach young
children to tell you if they find matches or lighters; teach older children
to bring matches and lighters to an adult before they fall into young
hands.
  USE ELECTRICITY SAFELY

  Know the warning signs of problems for

electrical appliances: flickering lights, smoke or
odd smells, blowing fuses, tripping circuit breakers
or frayed or cracked cords. Check carefully any
appliances that display a warning sign, and repair
or replace. Don't run extension cords across
doorways or where they can be walked on or
pinched by furniture.
 STOP, DROP, AND ROLL
  If your clothing catches on fire, remember:
  STOP:  Don't run. Running feeds oxygen to
the fire and makes it worse.
DROP:  Instead, drop immediately to the
floor.
ROLL:  Cover your face with your hands
and roll over and over to smother the flames.
Cool the burn with cool water for 10 - 15
minutes. Call for help.
 TEST DOORS BEFORE OPENING
  You can easily be overcomed by heat, smoke or
flames when you open a door to an area where a fire
has spread.


 DON'T LOCK SAFETY
GATES ON WINDOWS
Fumbling for a key or
combination during an
emergency will reduce the
opportunity for a safe exit.
 6 STEPS TO SAFETY

• S- ound the alarm

• A- dvice the fire brigade
• F- ight the fire
• E- vacuate
• T- ell others
• Y- ou get clear
THINGS TO
AVOID!!!
 Unattended cooking equipment Unattended electric iron

Improper wiring system

Improper discarding of cigarette butts Octopus connection – overloading of circuit.

Unattended children playing matches Mosquito coils near combustible rugs

Fire trapped window grills

 Never leave a warm or hot iron
unattended. An unattended iron
that is on will scorch fabric and
may cause a fire.
Never leave food on a stove or in an
oven unattended. Keep cooking
areas free of flammable objects such
as potholders, towels and curtains.
 Never disable or remove the battery
from a smoke alarm. Frequently test
smoke alarms and make sure that you
replace batteries regularly.
 Burning candles should never
be left unattended. Keep
flammable items like fabric and
paper away from candles.
 Store gasoline,
newspapers and other
combustibles away
from sources of flame.
Keep air conditioning unit on a
level surface away from fabric
and other flammable items.
 Fire Safety Credo
 It takes one minute to write a Safety Rule;
 It takes one hour to hold a Safety Meeting;
 It takes one day to inspect a Workplace;
 It takes one week to plan a Safety Program
 It takes one month to put into Practice;
 It takes one year to win a Safety Award;
 It takes a lifetime to make a Safety Worker;
 It takes only a second to destroy all in one
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR LISTENING. . .