ENVIRONMENTAL

AND WATER
POLLUTION
PRESENTED BY:

 PRASHANT DESHINGE
 PIYUSH JHAVERI
 VIJOY DESHINGE
 YATISH PATALI
 DEEPAK SALIAN
 ROHIT SALUNKE
 NAWAL GOYAL
 CHETAN MAV
Pollution
 An undesirable and unfavorable change
in physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of land air and water that
harmfully affect both plant and animal
life including that of man.
 Caused mainly by population growth,
urbanization and technological advances.
 Things that cause pollution are called
pollutants
 Main pollutants
1. Solid wastes (sewage, soot dust etc. )
2. Gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide etc.)
3. Industrial wastes (acids, alkalies)
4. Agricultures pollutants (pesticides, herbicides)
5. Metals (Iron, Zinc, Mercury)
6. Radioactive substances
7. Oil
Two Types of Pollutants
 Biodegradable pollutants: Those which
are rapidly decomposed by natural
processes. Eg. Domestic sewage

 Non-degradable pollutants: That

degrade very slowly into natural
environment. Eg. Plastic, aluminum
cans, glass, DDT, mercuric salts etc.
 Classification based on environment:
1. Atmospheric pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution

 Classification based on nature of pollutants

1. Chemical pollution
2. Noise pollution
3. Pollution by radio activity.
Atmospheric pollution
 Contamination of atmospheric air due to
accumulation of harmful or toxic materials
1. Natural sources.
1. Volcanic eruption
2. Forest fire
3. Decaying organic matter
4. Sand storms
2. Man made pollutants
Only 0.05% of total atmospheric
pollutants. Caused by the outputs of
industries and automobiles
• Gaseous pollutants:
1. Carbon monoxide.
2. nitrogen oxide,
3. sulphur dioxide etc.
• Particulate substances
• Solid and liquid particles
1.Large particles that easily settle down in air.
(sand and water drops)
2.Fine paricles that float in air for long time
(dust and mist).
3.Finer particles that never settle (smoke,
aerosol and fumes)
 Primary pollutants
 Those emanating from a source
 Eg. Carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides etc.

 Secondary pollutants
 Produced by combustions of primary
pollutants in atmosphere
 Eg. Atmospheric reactions of hydro-carbons
and nitrous oxide, peroxy acetyl nitrate
Sources of Air Pollution
 Stationary combustion sources:
Combustion of coal and petroleum produces
CO,SO2,various Nitrogen compounds and fly
ash containing trace metals like arsenic, lead and
Mercury.
Incomplete burning of petroleum produces soot
and other toxic gases.
Oxides of sulphur react with atmosphere
producing sulphuric acid which forms acid rain
or acid precipitation.
 Mobile combustion sources

 Automobile is a major source of pollution

 Their exhaust contain carbon
monoxide(77.2%), Oxides of nitrogen(7.7%)
and hydrocarbons(13.7%)
 Photochemical reactions on Oxides of
nitrogen and hydrocarbons produce
photochemical smog which contains Peroxy
acetyl nitrate and Ozone.
 Tetra ethyl lead in petroleum produces various
lead compounds.
 Industrial processing and other sources

 Smoke from factories

 Compounds contain Chorine and Fluorine
used in propellants, refrigerants and in
aerosol can produce toxic outputs
 Solvents in spray painting. Dyeing, printing
etc.
 Blasting, drilling, crushing, mixing etc.
Effects of air pollution
 Human health
Allergic reaction and bronchial asthma
Co is respiratory poison
NO impairs functioning of lungs
SO2 penetrates tissues and causes
mouth drying
Hydrocarbons and soot are carcinogenic
 Other effects
 Damage to vegetation
 Injury to animals
 Deterioration of materials
 Aesthetic insults
 Change in climate
Control Measures
Removal of pollutants
Conversion of pollutants into harmful
materials
Reduce sulphur content before burning
Use of energy sources other than fossil
fuels
Legal measures from authorities
Increased planting of vegetation
Soil pollution
 Undesirable change in the physical,
chemical or biological property which
adversely affects its productivity
 Caused by dumping of wastes,
agrochemicals and as indirect result of air
pollution
Sources of Soil Pollution
 Domestic wastes
 Agricultural wastes
 Industrial wastes
 Excretory products
 Salination
Control of soil pollution
 Proper disposal of industrial and
agricultural wastes
 Recycling and recovery of materials
 Minimize the manufacture and use of
chemical fertilizers
 Reduce the use of pesticides
Land degradation
 The productivity of soil is going down.
The main reasons are
 Soil erosion
 Shifting cultivation
 Desertification
 Developmental activities
Control measures
 Control soil erosion and floods by
restoring forest and grass cover to the soil
 Crop rotation and mixed crops
 Improved drainage facilities to prevent
salinity
 Mulching to prevent sand shifting.
 Belt of trees as wind breakers
Radio active pollution
 Physical pollution that affects air, water
and soil. Caused by ionizing radiations
of harmful nature emitted from
disintegrating atomic nuclei.
 The natural sources include cosmic rays
that reaches the earth surface and
radiations from radium 224, uranium 235
thorium 232 etc
Man made sources
 Nuclear weapons
 Reactors and Nuclear fuel
 Radioactive isotopes used for scientific
research( carbon 14 iodine 125 etc.)
 Waste waters containing these wastes
 X-rays used in medical practices
 Ultra violet rays present in solar
radiations
Effects
 Depolymerization of DNA
 Denaturation of proteins
 Induce mutations and cancer
 Radioactive substances in food chain
cause retarded growth, leukemia and
bone cancer.
 Causes sterility
 Increases infant mortality rate
Control measures
 Prevention of leakage of radioactive
elements from nuclear reactors.
 Proper storage and disposal of nuclear
wastes
 Regular monitoring and high risk analysis
 Increasing the use of non harmful energy
sources
 Global understanding about nuclear
explotions
Noise pollution
 Unwanted high pitch sound that pollutes
the environment.
 Maximum tolerable intensity of sound is
85 decibels
 The main sources are automobiles, aero
planes, loudspeakers, industries and other
electro-mechanical devices.
Effects of noise pollution
 Damage to ear drum and impairment to
hearing.
 Damages heart, liver and brain
 Emotional disturbances and behavioral
changes
 Leads to anxiety and stress
Control measures
 Design machines with minimum sound
 Proper lubrication maintenance of
machines and installation of silencers.
 Use of sound absorbing materials
 Use of noise protective devices
 Acoustic Zoning.
 Keep plenty of vegetation proper
enforcement of legal measures.
“Water Pollution”
Causes:
Pesticides that get applied to farm fields and
roadsides—and homeowners' lawns—run off
into local streams and rivers or drain down into
groundwater, contaminating the fresh water
that fish swim in and the water we humans
drink.
WATER POLLUTION
CAUSES — #2

Fertilizers / Nutrient Pollution

Many causes of pollution, including
sewage, manure, and chemical fertilizers,
contain "nutrients" such as nitrates and
phosphates. Deposition of atmospheric
nitrogen (from nitrogen oxides) also
causes nutrient-type water pollution.
 WATER POLLUTION
CAUSES — #3
 Oil, Gasoline and Additives
 Oil spills like the Exxon Valdez spill off
the coast of Alaska or the more recent
Prestige spill off the coast of Spain get
lots of news coverage, and indeed they do
cause major water pollution and problems
for local wildlife, fishermen, and coastal
businesses. But the problem of oil
polluting water goes far beyond
catastrophic oil spills. Land-based
petroleum pollution is carried into
waterways by rainwater runoff.
WATER POLLUTION
CAUSES — #4
Mining
 Mining causes water pollution in a
number of ways:
 The mining process exposes heavy metals
and sulfur compounds that were
previously locked away in the earth.
Rainwater leaches these compounds out
of the exposed earth, resulting in "acid
mine drainage" and heavy metal pollution
that can continue long after the mining
operations have ceased.
Similarly, the action of rainwater on piles
of mining waste (tailings) transfers
pollution to freshwater supplies

In the case of gold mining, cyanide is

intentionally poured on piles of mined
rock (a leach heap) to chemically extract
the gold from the ore. Some of the
cyanide ultimately finds its way into
nearby water.
Effects:
 WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS – Category
1
 Waterborne Infectious Diseases
 Human infectious diseases are among the
most serious effects of water pollution,
especially in developing countries, where
sanitation may be inadequate or non-existent.
Waterborne diseases occur when parasites or
other disease-causing microorganisms are
transmitted via contaminated water,
particularly water contaminated by
pathogens originating from excreta.
 WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS –
Category 2
 Nutrient Pollution
 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
calls nutrient pollution the most widespread,
chronic environmental problem in the
coastal ocean. The discharges of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and other nutrients come from
agriculture, waste disposal, coastal
development, and fossil fuel use. Once
nutrient pollution reaches the coastal zone,
it stimulates harmful overgrowths of algae,
which can have direct toxic effects and
ultimately result in low-oxygen conditions.
WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS
Category 3
 Chemical Contamination
 Over the years, many types of chemicals have
gotten into our waterways—and they continue
to do so today. Chemical water pollution
typically occurs because ...
 the chemicals were dumped into the water
intentionally;
 the chemicals seeped into groundwater,
streams, or rivers because of failing pipes or
storage tanks;
 the chemicals catastrophically
contaminated waterways because of
industrial accidents;
 the pollution settled out of polluted air (or
was precipitated out of polluted air); or
 chemicals were leached out of
contaminated soil.
Spills and leaks: Whether it's a leak in the
containment system of a cyanide leach heap
or a breach in a coal-slurry impoundment
dam, the result is the same—pollution of
streams, rivers, and groundwater, killing
aquatic life and poisoning drinking water.
WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS –
Category 5
 Marine Debris
 Marine debris is basically trash in the
ocean. Trash fouls inland waterways too,
for sure, but trash seems to be a
particular problem in our seas. The
Ocean Conservancy calls marine debris
one of the world's most pervasive marine
pollution problems
Suggestions:

Do not throw garbage in the

sea,rivers,lakes,and other body of
water.
Have a self discipline in throwing
garbage.