Protecting Health and the

Environment is Everyone’s Job,

 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

 INTRODUCTION
 MANAGEMENT THEORIES
 APPROACHES TO SAFETY
 PRINCIPLES OF RISK MANAGEMENT
 INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCIES
 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
 CHEMICAL SAFETY
 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
 In the United States, two safety management
systems programs are getting attention and
gaining interest: OHSA Specification and a
Standard-in-the-making i.e. ANSI Z-10.
 
This session provides the participants with
insight to the background, drivers, requirements
and where occupational health and safety
management systems are heading in the future.
WHAT IS OHSA?

Internationally recognized model for Occupational Health

and Safety Assessment/Administration/Agency (OHSA)
for management systems

Enable organizations to control their OH&S risks and

improve their performance

Specification is intended to address occupational health

and safety rather than product and services safety
 WHY WAS OHSA DEVELOPED?

 In response to urgent customer demand for a

recognizable occupational health and safety
management system standard

 Need for health and safety management system

that could be audited and certified
 WHERE DID OHSA COME FROM?

 Thirteen co-operating organizations from around

the world assisted in development of this series

 Spain, Malaysia, United Kingdom and several other

European standards organizations
Objective of OSHA
 To reduce hazards of the workplace and enforcing
mandatory job safety standards and to implement
and improve health program
 A hazard is a dangerous condition that can interrupt
or interfere with the expected, orderly progress of an
activity. Four classes of internationally recognized
hazards
 Negligible—will not result in injury to people or serious
damage to equipment
 Marginal—can be controlled to prevent injury or damage
 Critical—will cause injury or serious damage (or both)
 Catastrophic—will cause death to workers.
DILEMMA
 Businesses have charged that the regulations are
difficult to understand and often unreasonably rigid;
that penalties are unfair, paperwork is excessive,
and the cost of compliance is burdensome to small
companies.
 Labor, on the other hand, calls it weak and
complained that the agency has failed to reduce
occupational hazards. The procedures concentrate
on dangerous industries and eliminate out-of-date
regulations.
 Meanwhile, rules are being challenged by some
businesses in the courts as well.
 MANAGEMENT THEORIES

 Theory “X”
 Workers not innately motivated to work
productively and
 System of rewards and punishments
 Carrot and whip attitude
 Performance linked pays increase/decrease
 Job advancement or termination
 MANAGEMENT THEORIES

 Theory Y”
 work is a natural and rewarding human activity
 workers are interested in and motivated by their
work.
 management responsibility as
 stimulating
 channeling the workers toward the achievement of
management goals
 resolving conflicts between individual goals and
management goals
 MANAGEMENT THEORIES
 Hygiene Approach
 salary, status, challenging work, work hours and benefits
 Above provide a good environment but not necessarily a
satisfying one
 May not be satisfying
 Job Enrichment Approach
 Responsibility, opportunity for recognition, good working
companions
 Too much enrichment reduces job satisfaction
 Too much may over-complicate the situation and
 MANAGEMENT THEORIES
 TQM
 Employs Statistical Quality to improve production,
quality and unit performance
 Hierarchy of Needs
 Abraham Moslow
Organization Planning and Communication
 Traditional approach
 Accident is a completed sequence of events
 Unsafe acts of personal
 Disabling person misses many previous chances
 Four basic motives for occurrence
 Attitude
 Knowledge
 Physical unsuitability
 Environment
 Available methods are
 Engineering system design
 Persuasion and safety training
 Safety supervision
 Hazard exposure elimination
Traditional approach contd..
 Largely preventable
 Controls on the line of the Quality and cost
 All levels of management are responsible
 Supervisor is the key
 Identify the problem
 Find and verify the reason
 Select appropriate remedy
 Apply the remedy
 Check response
 Current Principles of Safety Management
 Unsafe behavior, unsafe conditions, and accidents indicate flaws
 Circumstances produce severe injuries. Can be identified and
controlled, especially in:
 Unusual and non-routine activities.
 Non – productive activities.
 Energy-intensive jobs.
 High-risk activity (such as confined space entry, elevated work,
and excavating).
 Safety - managed like any other business functional activity.
 Key - define management accountability.
 Safe design
 The key person (s) - executive/manager (top individual (s) in entity)!
 The function of safety - locate and define the operational errors
Principles of Risk Management

 Risk management is the professional assessment of all

loss potentials in structure and operations, leading to
establishment and administration of loss-control
program.
 Risk Manager
 Risk control is another function of risk management
 Security more important than ever - theft, violence in
the work-place, sabotage, spying, strikes, civil unrest,
arson, and terrorism occur frequently
 Principles of Risk Management
 Administrative controls, a crisis management team,
workplace violence prevention programs, policy
statements, security clearances, I.D. cards, sign-in
sheets, threat assessments, training to forestall potential
violence, program evaluation, incident response, and
record keeping, etc.
 Engineering controls, such as perimeter barriers
(fencing, walls and gates), entrance check –points,
card,-key control, CTV video monitoring and
surveillance, security and police forces, intrusion alarms,
panic buttons, adequate lighting and visibility (no
obstructions), bullet-resistant enclosures, safes, metal-
detection systems, radio communication, etc
 Risk Financing
 an aspect of risk management deals with the financing of losses primarily
through a self-insurance fund,
Existing & potential
 Identify hazards, exposures.
conditions that cause
 Analyze risk.
or might contribute to
 Control, or eliminate or transfer, thecause
risk. of accident
 Insurance is a mean to transfer the risk to an insurance company
 Property – covers fire, explosion windstorm, and a number of extended perils.
 All Risk – covers all types of property loss, except those excluded.
 Inland Marine – covers goods in transit, bridges, radio towers, etc.
 Boiler and Machinery – covers loss to boilers and other pressure vessels by a
steam explosion
 Casualty – Workers’ Compensation, accident policies
 Health and Life -- covers off- the job injuries, illness, and death.
 Liability Insurance – covers damage to others by negligent acts, errors of
omission or commission – products, premises, comprehensive, professional
liability.
 Catastrophic/Reinsurance – multimillion dollar layers over he basic or primary
policy to cover large unexpected losses.
 Self-Insurance – Losses paid from a self-insurance fund.
 Umbrella policy—very broad, usually reinsurance policy above all others which
fills in any gaps in coverage.
 How to convince the Boss “Saith Sahib”

 Show savings in terms of cash etc.

 As important as productivity and delivery of services
 Identify resources (financial/human capital)
 Prepare safety directive
 Prepare and monitor the safety program
 Review the regulatory agencies requirements
 Review design and operations system
 Review histories of hazards, failures and mishaps
 Think about warning, protective and emergencies
 Review field reports and complaints
 Safety Program

 Elements of a successful safety program

 Management Responsibility
 Assignment Of Safety Management Responsibilities
 Formal Statement Of Policy
 Maintenance Of Working Conditions
 Establishment Of Control & Loss Prevention
Program
Hazards and Accidents
 Causes are:-
 Human
 Management
 Operational
 Environment
 Design Deficiency
 Three important points
 Potential conditions and existing conditions
 Conditions which act in combination
 Root causes
 US Agencies with Safety & Health Responsibilities
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):, primary responsibility
for setting standards, enforcing compliance, and approving state programs.
 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission: independent of OSHA
and the Department of Labor, adjudicates disputes arising from OSHA enforcement
activities.
 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): conducts
research and establishes recommended occupational safety and health standards.
provides direct assistance to other agencies/private sector and finances for
education and training.
 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): The BLS has responsibility for compiling
statistic and establishing methods for gathering data on occupational safety and
health.
 National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH):
This group advises, consults, and makes recommendations to governament and
Human Services on the administration of the OSHAct.
 Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Regulates foods, drugs and cosmetics,
medical devices, lasers, etc; approves licenses for the manufacture and distribution
of these items.
 US Agencies with Safety & Health Responsibilities
 Department of Transportation (DOT): safety and hazardous materials in aviation
(Federal Highway Administration), and mass transit systems (Urban Mass
Transportation Administration). also looks at safe construction and operation of
gas pipelines and storage.
 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): vehicles, equipment,
procedures, etc, assures compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
(FMVS) of, primarily, new cars and trucks. conducts Fatality Analysis Reporting
System (FARS) for data on all fatal traffic accidents in all fifty states.
 Federal Highway Administration: Establishes/enforces federal motor carrier
safety regulations applicable to interstate commercial vehicle operations.
 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC): Acts in response (not
preventative deterrence) to hazards to consumers; protects the public against
unreasonable risk of injury with consumer products. Runs an information product
injury clearinghouse called the “National Electronic Injury Surveillance System”
(NEISS).
 US Agencies with Safety & Health Responsibilities
 Nuclear Regulatory Agency (NRA): Licenses and regulates the uses of nuclear
energy to protect public health and safety and the environment; inspects for
violations.
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): was established in 1970 by president
Nixon’s executive order to Congress; responsible for all matters related to protection
of the air and water; solid/hazardous waste, toxic substances, contamination clean-
up , emergency planning and community right-to-maintain a national fire data center.
Exists in Pakistan also.
 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): centralization of several
emergency preparedness functions, such as civil defense, federal disaster
assistance and federal insurance, and general preparedness. Exists in Pakistan
also.
 National Bureau of Standards (NBS): Engages in fire research principally in
building technology and fire testing of materials.
 Federal Railroad Administration (FRA): rail safety regulations, administers
railroad assistance programs, conducts research and development in support of
improved railroad safety and national rail transportation policy.
 Consumer Product Safety Act
 Fails to comply with an applicable consumer product
safety rule;
 not accompanied by a certificate required by law, or is
not labeled in accordance with regulations
 Is/or has been determined to be an imminently
hazardous consumer product
 has a product defect which constitutes a substantial
product hazard
 a product which was manufactured by a person who
the commission has informed the secretary of the
treasury is in violation of subsection
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Assigned Powers
 Recalls: Correction or removal of the hazardous
product from the general public or market.
 Seizure: Withdrawal of hazardous products by court
order.
 Prosecution: Criminal proceedings against an
individual or firm.
 Injunction: A court order that restrains an individual
or firm from continuing a violation.
 Citation/Notice of Violation: A notice to a firm or
individual that a possible violation exists; this often
includes a proposed fine or penalty.

WELL! Lets not compare with the power of

our food inspector with these
 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

 NFPA 471, Responding to Hazardous Materials incidents,

 NFPA 472, professional Competence of Responders to
Hazardous Materials Incidents,
 NFPA 473, Competence for EMS personnel Responding to
Hazardous Materials Incidents,
 NFPA 704

Flammability

Health Instability
A voluntary system for use by industry;
many states and governments
have adopted the system
used to identify all hazardous materials stored
Each hazard is rated with a numerical
value from 0 to 4, with 0 being no
significant hazard to 4 as the most severe
Special hazard hazard.

Health - Type of Injury

Flammability - Susceptibility to burning
Instability – Susceptibility to energy release
 HEALTH FLAMMABILITY
Deadly: even the slightest exposure to this Flash Point Below 73ºF and Boiling Point
substance would be life threatening. Only Below 100ºF: this substance is very
4 specialized protective clothing, for these
4
flammable, volatile or explosive depending
materials, should be worn. on its state. Extreme caution should be used
in handling or storing of these materials.
Extreme Danger: serious injury would
result from exposure to this substance. Do Flash Point Below 100ºF: flammable,
3 not expose any body surface to these volatile or explosive under almost all
materials. Full protective measures should 3 normal temperature conditions. Exercise
be taken. great caution in storage or handling of these
Dangerous: exposure to this substance materials.
would be hazardous to health. Protective Flash Point Below 200ºF: moderately
2 measures are indicated. heated conditions may ignite this substance.
2 Caution procedures should be employed in
Slight Hazard: irritation or minor injury handling.
would result from exposure to this Flash Point Above 200ºF: this substance
1 substance. Protective measures are must be preheated to ignite. Most
indicated. 1 combustible solids would be in this
category.
No Hazard: exposure to this substance
0 offers no significant risk to health. Will Not Burn: substances that will not
0 burn
 REACTIVITY
May Detonate: substances that are readily capable of
4 detonation or explosion at normal temperatures and
pressures. Evacuate area if exposed to heat or fire.
Explosive: substances that are readily capable of
detonation or explosion by a strong initiating source,
3 such as heat, shock or water. Monitor from behind
explosion-resistant barriers.
Unstable: violent chemical changes are possible at
normal or elevated temperatures and pressures.
2 Potentially violent or explosive reaction may occur when
mixed with water. Monitor from a safe distance.

Normally stable: substances that may become unstable

1 at elevated temperatures and pressures or when mixed
with water. Approach with caution.
Stable: substances which will remain stable when
0 exposed to heat, pressure or water.
 UN Classification System
 CLASS 1 ---Explosives
 Division 1.1 - Explosives with mass explosion hazard.
 Division 1.2 - Explosives with a projection hazard
 Division 1.3 - Explosives with predominantly a fire hazard
 Division 1.4 - Explosives with no significant blast hazard
 Division 1.5 - Very insensitive explosives
 CLASS 2 – Gases
 Division 2.1 - Flammable gases
 Division 2.2 - Nonflammable gases
 Division 2.3 - Poison gases
 CLASS 3 –Liquids
 Division 3.1 - Flashpoints below – 18 degrees C
 Division 3.2 - Flashpoint – 18 degree C and above but les than 23 degrees C
 Division 3.3 – Flashpoint of 23 degrees C and up to 61 degrees C
 Class 4 – Flammable Solids; Spontaneously Combustible Materials; and Materials That Are Dangerous When
WET
 Division 4.1 – Flammable solids
 Division 4.2 – Spontaneously combustible materials
 Division 4.3 – Materials that are dangerous when wet
 CLASS 5 – Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides
 Division 5.1 – Oxidizers
 Division 5.2 – Organic peroxides
 CLASS 6 – Poisonous and Etiologic (Infectious) Materials
 Division 6.1 – Poisonous materials
 Division 6.2 – Etiologic (infectious) materials
 CLASS 7 - Radioactive Materials
 CLASS 8 - Corrosives
 CLASS 9 - Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
Chemical Safety
 Handling and storage of chemicals
 Program to include
 Handling, potential hazards, engineering / administrative controls,
safe storage, transfers, spills, decontamination and waste
disposal
 MSDS-material safety data sheets
 Flammable liquids to be stored in special solvents
whenever more than 10 gallons
 Chemicals need to be identifies and isolated
 Compressed gasses need to be secured separately
 BC type extinguishers within 50 feet
 Emergency eyewash and showers
 Facility should be at negative pressure
 Chemicals
 Storage
 Improper storage causes health, safety and environmental issues

 Chemicals becoming waste due to container contaminations

 Too long storage (longer than shelf life) may also result in hazardous

waste

 Inventory
 Penalties for internal sub sections

 Inventory of VIRGIN and WASTE materials as well

 Proper tracking system for containers.

 Information required on container
 Description of material by its common, in-house name or its waste description. Be as
specific as possible.
 The hazardous-waste number and hazard code.
 DOT proper shipping name, hazard class, and DOT identification number.
 Amount (by weight or volume) and the type o container.
 Storage location (by building or room and the specific section within each storage
area (determined by chemical compatibility).
 Name of individual, division, department, or process producing the waste.
 Instructions for proper safety and personal protective equipment.
 Reference to spill procedure.
 Special Comments.
 It should be noted here that if a material is sensitive to time or temperature or if it requires
any other special handling or storage precautions due to its quantity or properties, its shelf-
life (expiration) date should be noted.
 An in-house serial number should be used to facilitate the tracking of each container,
storage location, etc
MSDS Sample
 Suggested Mandatory Requirement
 Accumulation Start Date. This is especially important for a generator
storing hazardous waste without a permit; each container of waste must
be delivered to a permitted toxic substance disposal facility (TSDF)
within 90 days of the accumulation start date,
 Manifest Document Number
 Date Shipped. Date shipped to a permitted TSDF. The date it was
shipped off-site must correspond to the date on the manifest.
 Exception Report Dates. The date on which the producer must follow
up a shipment and the date on which the exception report must be filed
if the appropriate copy of the manifest is not received from the TSDF.
 Manifest Receipt Date. The date on which the appropriate copy of the
manifest is received from the TSDF.
 Storage Areas
 Over pack or lab pack drums (those with smaller individual containers
enclosed) should have a packing list affixed to the lid of the drum in a
weather-resistant pouch.
 All marking and labeling must be durably affixed to all containers.
Weather-resistant labels and paint markers should be used on metal
containers – not volatile, base-ink or felt-tip makers which will
deteriorate and weather.
 Storage areas should be kept orderly and monitored regularly. Weekly
inspections for areas where hazardous wastes are stored in containers
and daily inspections for tanks storing wastes.
 Containers should be kept from deterioration and weathering by either
storing them under a roof
World Standards of HAC
 4 major world standards
 NEC (U. S. National Electric Code)
 CEC (Canadian Electric Code)
 IEC / CEN ELEC
Area Classes
Class Example
Class I Acetylene
(Gases and Hydrogen
Vapors) Ethylene
Propane
Class II Metal dust
(Dusts) Coal dust
Class III Wood
(Fibers and Paper
Flyings) Cotton Processing