An introduction

to Machine
Learning
What is Machine Learning
In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their experiences
with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which work on our
instructions.
The term machine learning was first introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959
machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in making predictions or
decisions without being explicitly programmed.
Machine learning brings computer science and statistics together for creating predictive models.
Machine learning constructs or uses the algorithms that learn from historical data. The more we
will provide the information, the higher will be the performance.

2
History of Machine
Learning

Before some years ,machine learning was science fiction, but today it is the part of our
daily life. Machine learning is making our day to day life easy from self-driving
cars to Amazon virtual assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind machine learning
is so old and has a long history

3
The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):

1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device that could be
programmed with punch cards.

1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and execute a set of
instructions.

1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which was the first
electronic general-purpose computer.

1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In 1950, the scientists
started applying their idea to work and analyzed how human neurons might work.

Computer machinery and intelligence:

1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and Intelligence," on
the topic of artificial intelligence.
Machine intelligence in Games:

1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a program that helped an IBM
computer to play a checkers game.

1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.
The first "AI" winter:

Machine Learning from theory to reality

1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to remove echoes over
phone lines using an adaptive filter.

1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural network NETtalk, which was
able to teach itself how to correctly pronounce 20,000 words in one week.

1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the chess expert Garry
Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten a human chess expert.
Machine Learning at 21st century

2006: In the year 2006, computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton has given a new name to neural net research as
"deep learning," and nowadays, it has become one of the most trending technologies.

2012: In 2012, Google created a deep neural network which learned to recognize the image of humans and
cats in YouTube videos.

2014: In 2014, the Chabot "Eugen Goostman" cleared the Turing Test. It was the first Chabot who
convinced the 33% of human judges that it was not a machine.

2014: DeepFace was a deep neural network created by Facebook, and they claimed that it could recognize
a person with the same precision as a human can do.

6
2016: AlphaGo beat the world's number second player Lee sedol at Go game. In 2017 it beat the number
one player of this game Ke Jie.

2017: In 2017, the Alphabet's Jigsaw team built an intelligent system that was able to learn the online
trolling. It used to read millions of comments of different websites to learn to stop online trolling.

Machine Learning at present:

Now machine learning has got a great advancement in its research, and it is present everywhere around
us, such as self-driving cars, Amazon Alexa, Catboats, recommender system, and many more. It
includes Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning with clustering, classification, decision
tree, SVM algorithms, etc.

7
8
Features of Machine Learning
 Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.

 It can learn from past data and improve automatically.

 It is a data-driven technology.

 Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge amount of

the data.

9
Need for Machine Learning
 Rapid increment in the production of data

 Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human

 Decision making in various sector including finance

 Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.

10
11
12
13
Machine Learning in R
R language is basically developed by statisticians to help other statisticians and developers faster
and efficiently with the data. As by now, we know that machine learning is basically working with
a large amount of data and statistics as a part of data science the use of R language is always
recommended.

How Machine Learning Works?

14
Advantages to Implement
Machine Learning Using R
Language
It provides good explanatory code.

R language is perfect for data visualization.

R language has the best tools and library packages to work with machine learning projects..

15
Popular R Language Packages Used to
Implement Machine Learning
lattice: The lattice package supports the creation of the graphs displaying the variable
or relation between multiple variables with conditions.
DataExplorer: This R package focus to automate the data visualization and data
handling.
Dalex(Descriptive Machine Learning Explanations): This package helps to
provide various explanations for the relation between the input variable and its
output.
dplyr: This R package is used to summarize the tabular data of machine learning with
rows and columns.

16
Continued R
Packages
Esquisse: This R package is used to explore the data quickly to get the
information it holds
caret: This R package attempts to streamline the process for creating
predictive models.
janitor: This R package has functions for examining and cleaning dirty
data
rpart: This R package helps to create the classification and regression
models using two-stage procedures.

17
Application Of R in Machine Learning
Social Network Analytics

To analyze trends and patterns

Getting insights for behaviour of users

To find the relationships between the users

Developing analytical solutions

Accessing charting components

Embedding interactive visual graphics

18
Types of Machine Learning Problems
Regression: The regression technique helps the machine learning approach to predict continuous
values.

Classification: The input is divided into one or more classes or categories for the learner to
produce a model to assign unseen modules.

Clustering: This technique follows the summarization, finding a group of similar entities.

Association: This technique finds co-occurring events or items. For example, market-basket.

Recommendation: This technique recommends the item.

19
Example of Machine Learning Problems
Web search like Siri, Alexa, Google, Virtual Personal Assistance: 

Cortona:  Traffic Alerts: 

Social Media Service:  Online Fraud Detection: 

Online Customer Support:  Healthcare: 

Intelligent Gaming:  Real world example.

Product Recommendation: 

20
Data in Machine Learning
DATA: It can be any unprocessed fact, value, text, sound, or picture that is not being
interpreted and analyzed. Data is the most important part of all Data Analytics, Machine
Learning, Artificial Intelligence.
INFORMATION: Data that has been interpreted and manipulated and has now some
meaningful inference for the users. 
KNOWLEDGE: Combination of inferred information, experiences, learning, and insights.
Results in awareness or concept building for an individual or organization. 

21
How we split data in Machine Learning? 

 Training Data

 Validation Data

 Testing Data

22
Properties of Data
 Volume: Scale of Data.

 Variety: Different forms of data

 Velocity: Rate of data streaming and generation.

 Value: Meaningfulness of data in terms of information that researchers can infer from it.

 Veracity: Certainty and correctness in data we are working on.

23
Understanding Data Processing

24
Overview of Data Cleaning

25
Some data cleansing tools 
 Openrefine

 Trifacta Wrangler 

 TIBCO Clarity

 Cloudingo

 IBM Infosphere Quality Stage

26
 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
[email protected] and my YouTube
channel is
https://www.youtube.com/channel/
UCBNxvdLJyQD3IVOTdgmSJTQ

27