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Introductions

 Your name

 Location – home office

 Job role

 How long with

[industry, practice area, community, etc.]

 Something unique about yourself

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Basic Shell Scripting

Date: <Day> <Month> <Year>

Duration of course: 2 Days

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Session objectives

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

 Discuss the history of Unix
 Discuss the features and architecture of Unix
 Discuss the Unix file system and the directory structure
 Work with file handling commands
 Work with vi editor
 Use Unix filters, piping mechanism and command
substitution
 Use the find command
 Use the xargs command

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Course content (Day 1)

 Understand basic shell behavior.

 Know shell actions on commands.

 Use Pipes and Quoting.

 Handle shell programming techniques.

 Understand and modifying the environment of work.

 Practice shell programming

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Housekeeping

 Breaks

 Washrooms

 Transportation/parking

 No pagers or cell phones

 Participation

 Parking lot issues

 Questions

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Objectives of this Section

 Understand basic shell behavior.

 Know shell actions on commands.

 Use Pipes and Quoting.

 Handle shell programming techniques.

 Understand and modifying the environment of work.

 Practice shell programming

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Basic Shell Behaviour

 Shell allows us to edit our command line

 Shell stores history of commands that were executed by user in current login
session and even previous sessions.
 When user types a command and presses enter key, shell does following
tasks:
- Shell parses command line arguments, looks for metacharacters, and if any
metacharacters are there, shell expands special meaning of these metacharacters.
- Then, the shell searches for the command in the following places:
1. List of Aliases
2. List of Shell keywords
3. List of user-defined functions
4. List of shell built-ins
5. List of directories specified in PATH variable

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Create Shell Scripts

 Starting any shell script as a new file:

$ vi test.sh <Enter>

 Going to Insert mode and typing the shell Program in the vi Editor:

echo “Today’s date is:”

date
echo ”Have a Nice Day”

 Going to Command Mode and Saving the Script. Then exiting.

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Execute a Shell Script

If Shell Script is in Current Directory

$ sh test.sh <Enter> Full Pathname is not mandatory

If Shell Script is not in Current Directory

$ sh /home/ss/prg/test.sh <Enter> Full Pathname is mandatory

If Shell Script is not given execution permission

File Owner and System

$ chmod +x /home/ss/prg/test.sh <Enter>
Administrator can do it.
$ sh /home/ss/prg/test.sh <Enter>

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One Simple Shell Script

proccal.sh

echo “Welcome to Shell.”

echo “The Currently Running Processes Here Are:”
ps
echo “The Calendar of this Month is:”
cal apr
echo “Have a Fine Luck.”

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Quoting
 Quote can be “ “ or ‘ ‘ or ` `
 Example of Usage:
Without Quotes:
$ echo * <Enter>
abc.txt s.sh test.c dir1

With Quotes:
$ echo “*” <Enter>
*

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Pipe : Transferring the Output of One Command As Input to Another

$ ls -l | wc -l <Enter>

$ cal 1990 | more <Enter>

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read : Preparing Shell Programs Interactive

Useread.sh

echo “String Matching and Displaying using read.”

echo “Enter the string to be found out: \c”
read strng
echo “Enter the File from which the string is to be found out: \c”
read flnm
echo “Now Searching for $strng from the file $flnm”
grep “$strng” $flnm
echo “The Required Data is as above.”
echo “Thank You.”

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read : Preparing Shell Programs Interactive

Output of Useread.sh
$sh useread.sh <Enter>
String Matching and Displaying using read.
Enter the string to be found out:
IBM
Enter the File from which the string is to be found out:
profile.txt
Now Searching for IBM from the file profile.txt
My company name is IBM.
The Required Data is as above.
Thank You.

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Some Environmental Variables

 PATH.

 HOME.

 SHELL.

 PS1.

 LOGNAME.

 TERM.

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Displaying Individual Environmental Variable Values

$ echo $PATH <Enter>

/bin:/usr/bin:/home/sachin:.

$ echo $SHELL <Enter>

/bin/sh.

$ echo $LOGNAME <Enter>

sachin

$ echo $HOME <Enter>

/home/sachin

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.profile : The File That Runs at User Login

 It is located in the logged in user’s home directory (e.g. /home/sachin).

 It’s like AUTOEXEC.BAT file of MS-DOS.

 User can edit it also

- To alter the environmental variable values, or
- To run some command at login.

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.profile : Sample Simplified Content After Change

$ cat .profile <Enter>

HOME=/home/sachin/shscr
LOGNAME=sachin
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/home/sachin:/usr/lib:.
……..
PS1=‘SACHIN>’
SHELL=/bin/sh
……..
echo “Todays date is `date’”

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Accepting Inputs as Command Line Arguments Using Positional Parameters

 Some Positional Parameters:

- $0 : Shell script name.
- $* : Command line arguments.
- $# : Number of command line arguments.
- $1 : First command line argument.
- $2 : Second command line argument.
- $3 : Third command line argument, and so on.
- $@: Command Line Arguments.

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Command Substitution

$ echo “The number of files present in current directory are: `ls|wc –l`”
The number of files present in current directory are: 3

$ echo “Current month name is: `date +%h`”

Current month name is: Apr

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exit : Exiting from Program

Several Variation of Usage:

exit

exit 1

exit 2

One Sample Usage:

grep “IBM” profile.txt || exit

echo “The Required Data is Displayed Above.”

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$?: Exit Status of Previous Command

 Return value of any command is called the exit status of that command.

 UNIX Commands return:

- 0, on success.
- 1, on failure.

 Examples:

$ grep “IBM” profile.txt; echo $? <Enter>

0

$ grep “IDP” profile.txt; echo $? <Enter>

1

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expr: Arithmetic Computation Using Integers

$ expr 4+2 <Enter>

6

$ p=6 q=9 <Enter>

$ expr $p + $q <Enter>
15

$ expr 9 – 6 <Enter>
3

$ p=6 q=9 <Enter>

$ expr $p \* $q <Enter>
54

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expr: Arithmetic Computation Using Integers

$ r=3 s=9 <Enter>

$ expr $s / $r <Enter>
3

$ p=6 q=9 <Enter>

$ expr $p % $q <Enter>
6

$ i = 3 <Enter>
$ i = `expr $i + 2` <Enter>
$ echo “The New value of i is: $i <Enter>
5

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test: Comparison of Two Numbers

Several Numeric Comparison Operators:

 -ne : Not Equal to

 -eq : Equal to

 -lt : Less Than

 -le : Less Than Equal To

 -gt : Greater Than

 -ge : Greater Than Equal To

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test: Example of Comparison of Numbers

$ p=9; q=9.7; r=3

$ test $p –le $r ; echo $? (Or [ $p –le $r]; echo $? )
1
$ test $r –ne $p ; echo $?
0
$ test $p –eq $q ; echo $?
0
$ test $r –gt $p ; echo $?
1

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test: Use in String Handling

Several String Handling Possibilities:

 string1 = string2 : Tests for matching of two strings.

 string1 != string2 : Tests for non-matching of two strings.
 string1 > string2 : Tests for the case that string1 is alphabetically after string2

 string1 < string2 : Tests for the case that string2 is alphabetically after string1

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test: Example of Use in String Handling

$ str1 = ‘abc’ ; str2 = ‘def’ ; [ str1 = str2 ] ; echo $?

1

$ str1 = ‘ab’ ; str2 = ‘df’ ; [ str1 < str2 ] ; echo $?

0

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if Statements : Example

ifexmpl.sh:
echo “Illustration of if Statements.”
if grep “IDP” profile.txt
then
echo “The Required Data is Obtained.”
else
echo “The Required Data is Not Obtained.”
echo “Better Luck Next Time.”
fi

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if Statements : Execution of the Example

Execution of ifexmpl.sh:

$ sh ifexmpl.sh <Enter>
Illustration of if Statements.
The Required Data is Not Obtained.
Better Luck Next Time.

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Case structure
Syntax

case “$var” in
opt1) <statement(s)> ;;
opt2) <statement(s)> ;;
opt3) <statement(s)> ;;
…
*) <statement(s)> ;;
esac

The variable’s value is evaluated and compared with every

option. The block following the matching option is
executed.

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while loop
Syntax
while test <expression>
do
<set of statement(s)>
done

while is a looping structure. test command evaluates the

expression, and as per evaluation (true or false) stores a
value (zero or one) in the $? variable. While takes a
decision about taking control into loop block depending on
the value stored in $? variable. While repeats the block as
long as the expression is evaluated to true.

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until loop
Syntax

until test <expression>

do
<set of statement(s)>
done

until is a looping structure. test command evaluates the

expression, and as per evaluation (true or false) stores a
value (zero or one) in the $? variable. until takes a
decision about taking control into loop block depending on
the value stored in $? variable. until repeats the block as
long as expression is evaluated to false.

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for loop
Syntax

for variable <list of items>

do
<set of statement(s)>
done

for iterates over a list of items, and assigns the list of items
one by one to the variable, and executes the block for
each assignment. for loop terminates when it has iterated
over all the items in the list.

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for : Another Way of Looping

forex.sh :

echo “Illustration of for Loop.”

echo “It will Show You Names of School Toppers for Previous 5 Years.”
yr=2002
for studname in Ramesh Madhavan Ruchi Iti Pankaj
do
echo “ The Name of Topper in Year $yr was $studname
yr = `expr $yr + 1`
done
echo “You Will Be Welcome Again Also.”

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for : Running the Example

Running forex.sh :

Illustration of for Loop.

It will Show You Names of School Toppers for Previous 5 Years.
Ramesh Madhavan Ruchi Iti Pankaj
The Name of Topper in Year 2002 was Ramesh
The Name of Topper in Year 2003 was Madhavan
The Name of Topper in Year 2004 was Ruchi
The Name of Topper in Year 2005 was Iti
The Name of Topper in Year 2006 was Pankaj
You Will Be Welcome Again Also.

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