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Stylistics: Ma'am Dr. Mamona Khan

Morphology deals with the structure and formation of words. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, and can be free or bound. Syntax studies sentence structure and rules, including parts of speech, phrases, clauses, and sentence types. Pragmatics examines contextual meaning through deixis, inference, and other features. Stylistics analyzes texts at the morphological, syntactic, and pragmatic levels.

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53 views26 pages

Stylistics: Ma'am Dr. Mamona Khan

Morphology deals with the structure and formation of words. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, and can be free or bound. Syntax studies sentence structure and rules, including parts of speech, phrases, clauses, and sentence types. Pragmatics examines contextual meaning through deixis, inference, and other features. Stylistics analyzes texts at the morphological, syntactic, and pragmatic levels.

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Syeda Haya Batool
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stylistics

Ma’am Dr. Mamona Khan


Presented by:
Hira Asif
Roll no: 14
Topics: Morphological Level
Syntactical Level
Pragmatic Level
Morphological level
• Morphology deals with the structure, forms and formation of words

• Morpheme: the smallest unit of the linguistic structure with


independent meaning and grammatical function; the basic unit on
morphological level One word –one morpheme (blue, on, floor,
peace) –more morphemes: (peaceful, onrush)
Classification of morphemes

• Free morphemes: which can stand independent


• "Free morphemes" can stand alone with a specific meaning, for
example, eat, date, weak. “

• Bound morphemes: could not stay independently, only in the


combination with another morphemes
• Bound morphemes" cannot stand alone with meaning.  E.g teachers,
powerless
• Prefixes and suffixes are two types of bound morphemes.
Free Morphemes

• Two categories, lexical morphemes and functional morphemes

• Lexical Morphemes: words that carry content


• nouns (girl, man, house, tiger)
• adjectives (sad, long, yellow, sincere)
• verbs (look, follow, break, go)

• Lexical morphemes are open class – we can create new ones easily.
• Functional Morphemes: other types of free morphemes

• Examples: the, a, an (articles)


• at, in, on, above (prepositions)
• he, she, her, we, that, these (pronouns)
• and, nor, or, but, so (conjunctions)
• Functional morphemes are closed class – we rarely (almost
never) create new ones!
• Bound Morphemes
• Two categories, derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes
• Derivational Morphemes –When added to a stem or a base, they
almost always change the part of speech and the meaning of the
word.
• Examples:
• good (adjective) + ~ness = goodness (noun)
• care (noun or verb) + ~less = careless (adjective)
• pay (verb) + ~ment = payment (noun)
• system (noun) + atic =systematic (adjective)
• Derivational morphemes almost always change the part of speech of the
word, but there are some exceptions.

• friend (noun) + ~ship = friendship (noun)


• do (verb) + un~ = undo (verb)
• pink (adjective) + ~ish = pinkish (adjective)
Pragmatic level

• Pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning in a piece of text spoken or


written.

• It discusses how we recognize the invisible meanings in a text. It is the


context based study including linguistic context, thematic context, pre-
existing knowledge and physical context of the text.
• Deixis
• Deixis is a technical term which means ‘pointing’ via language.

• Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic


expression or an indexical.

• Deixis has an important role in studying pragmatics. It helps people to


interpret the meaning of a certain sentence based on its context.

• A deictic expression or deixis is a word or phrase (such as this, that, these,


those, now, then, here) that points to the time, place, or situation in which
a speaker is speaking. Deixis is expressed in English by way of personal
pronouns, demonstratives, adverbs, and tense.
PRAGMATIC FEATURES
Deixis: these are some expressions that cannot be understood without
the knowledge of context and physical context of speaker.
• Person deixis: These are used to point things and people. Examples of
person deixis are : “Whose, her, his ,their ,him, this”
• Temporal deixis: They point to time. Examples: “whole time, till, then,
soon”
• Spatial deixis: They are used to point location. Examples are where,
there, here, etc
PRAGMATIC FEATURES
• Inference: it is more dependent upon the reader’s ability to
understand the things than his dictionary knowledge of words and
language.
• Anaphora: when we refer back to the situation, things, person,
events.
• Cataphora: refers to an expression or subject which is used
afterward.
• Repetition: a device that repeats the same words or phrases a few
times to make an idea clearer.
Syntax
• Syntax is the study of sentence structure and its rules.

• Syntax, the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases,


and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of
their component parts. (Britannica)

• For example in English language, there is a specific sentence structure


which is: Sub+ Verb+ Obj : He goes to school.
Goes he school to.
Syntactic Level
• The word syntax comes originally from the Greek which literally
means “putting together” or “arrangement”.

• In earlier approaches, there was an attempt to produce an accurate


description of “ sequence or ordering , arrangement” of elements in
linear structure of sentence.

• In more recent attempts, to analyze any structure, there has been a


greater focus on underlying rule system that we use to produce or
“ generate” sentence.
Syntactic rules

• Syntactic rules combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences.
Syntactic analysis Syntactic units are grammatical items.

• For example, morpheme ,words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

• Morpheme Words Phrases Clauses Sentences This is the order from smallest
structure to longest in a language.
• Cont...
• • Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit in language.
Unkindness = Un+Kind+ness (three morphemes)
• Word: Combination of letters.
Cat, Boot, Animal etc.
• Phrase: a group of words.
• It does not contain a subject (doer of an action) and predicate (part of a
clause which gives information about subject) I.e. Rehan (subject) writes an
application (predicate).
• A phrase cannot convey a complete thought.
Ali teaches. (Not phrase)
My friend Rehan eat cakes daily. (phrase)
Kinds of phrases

• Noun phrase: acts like a noun in a sentence. Or Noun + other associated


word that modifies noun or pronoun.

• She brought a decent black shirt.


• Dogs frighten me. (N)
• Big dogs frighten me. (NP)

• Phrasal Verb: consists of an action verb plus an adverb or preposition.


Come back and see us.
Please sit down
• A group of words, which contains a subject and predicate combination.
• It conveys a complete thought by itself.
Rehan graduated last year.
Sub + Predicate

• Kinds of clauses
1) Independent Clause
2) Dependent Clause
Independent Clause

• Without or with coordinating conjunction


• It could stand itself
• Doesn't need any other clause for its existence
FANBOYS
(For, and, nor, or, yet, so)
For example:
You may sit. I believe yet.
Dependent Clause

• With subordination conjunction and other connectors. (if, when, because)

• It could not stand itself.


• Depends on independent clause.
• Does not give complete thought.

• For example:
You may sit wherever you like
Independent + Dependent
Sentence
• It is the combination of clauses together.
• There are four types of sentences.
1. Simple sentence (one independent clause)
I brought a new home.
2. Compound sentence (two or more independent clause)
I helped him and he got happy.
3. Complex sentence (1 indep. + at least 1 dependent clause)
He is wearing a shirt (IC) which is awsome.(DC)
4. Compound-complex sentence (1 indep. & 1 dependent)
Although he was sick,(DC) he scored well in examination.(IC)
• A single stretch of speak and writing, having two or more meanings.

• For example:
I once shot an elephant in my pajamas.
I shot an elephant (when I was) in my pajamas.
I shot an elephant (which was) in my pajamas.

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