CHAPTER THREE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?

• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.

• Artificial defines: "man-made,“
• Intelligence: "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems”
• Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power.“
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

• Intelligence is composed of:

– Reasoning
– Learning
– Problem Solving
– Perception
– Linguistic Intelligence
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

• An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.

• An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment through
sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
• Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

• High-profile examples of AI include

– Autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars)
– Medical diagnosis
– Creating art (such as poetry)
– Proving mathematical theorems
– Playing games (such as Chess or Go)
– Search engines (such as Google search)
– Online assistants (such as Siri)
– Image recognition in photographs
– Spam filtering
– Prediction of judicial decisions and targeting
– Online advertisements
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

• Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the

machine can learn as it goes rather than having every action
programmed by humans.
• The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel
in 1959.
• Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that
extract features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
• The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is
called deep learning.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

Need for Artificial Intelligence

• To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn, demonstrate,
explain and advice its users.
• Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
– Proving a theorem
– Playing chess
– Plan some surgical operation
– Driving a car in traffic

• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and
can advise to its user.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

• Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science
even it's so vast and requires lots of other factors that can
contribute to it.
• To create AI-first we should know that how intelligence is
composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-
solving, perception, language understanding, etc.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Accuracy with fewer errors
• High-Speed
• High reliability
• Useful for risky areas
• Digital Assistant
• Useful as a public utility
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)?...

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Cost
• Can't think out of the box
• No feelings and emotions
• Increase dependence on machines
• No Original Creativity
HISTORY OF AI

• Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers.
• This technology is much older than you would imagine.
• Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths.
HISTORY OF AI…
HISTORY OF AI…

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

• The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
• The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
HISTORY OF AI…

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

• The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38
of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an
academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or
COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
HISTORY OF AI…

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

• The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
• The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
WABOT-1.
HISTORY OF AI…

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

• The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding
from the government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
HISTORY OF AI…

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
• Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high cost but not
efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.
The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
• The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and
became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
• The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
HISTORY OF AI…

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

• The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve complex
questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky
questions quickly.

• The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide
information to the user as a prediction.

• The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test.“

• The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also
performed extremely well.

• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser
appointment on call, and the lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
HISTORY OF AI…

• Now AI has developed to a remarkable level.

• The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom.
• Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and
creating amazing devices.
• The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
LEVELS OF AI

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

• The most common uses of AI today fit in this stage.
• Covering everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation) and domestic
appliances to aircraft autopilots.
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
• Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being applied in.
• They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans, and their knowledge
base can be updated as new situations and queries arise.
• Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and “roboadvisors”.
LEVELS OF AI…

Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise

• Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in a specific
context taking in massive volumes of information which they can use for decision
making.
• Successful use cases have been seen in cancer diagnosis and the well-known Google
Deepmind’s AlphaGo.
• Currently, this type is limited to one domain only would forget all it knows about that
domain if you started to teach it something else.
LEVELS OF AI…

Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

• These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves and others –
they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their own logic works.
• This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines.
• At the moment these algorithms are still in development, however, commercial
applications are expected within the next few years.
LEVELS OF AI…

Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

• These systems have human-like intelligence
• The most commonly portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in evidence today.
• It is the goal of many working in AI and some believe it could be realized already from 2024.
Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
• AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every domain.
• Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might be, yet we would
hope examples would include solving problems we have failed to so far, such as world hunger
and dangerous environmental change.
LEVELS OF AI…

• There are a few experts who claim it can be realized by 2029.

• Fiction has tackled this idea for a long time, for example in the film Ex Machina or
Terminator.
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
• This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads to a massive expansion
in human capability.
• Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a future successor of
the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that shares ideas, solves problems collectively,
and even gives others access to our dreams as observers or participants.
LEVELS OF AI…

• Pushing this idea further, we might go beyond the limits of the human body and connect
to other forms of intelligence on the planet – animals, plants, weather systems, and the
natural environment.
• Some proponents of singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google’s Director of Engineering,
suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as a result of exponential rates of progress across
a range of science and technology disciplines.
• The other side of the fence argues that singularity is impossible and human consciousness
could never be digitized.
LEVELS OF AI…
TYPES OF AI

• Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of the
main categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI.
TYPES OF AI…

A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most common and
currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Hence it is
also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited predefined range of functions.
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system approach combined
with Machine learning and natural language processing.
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
TYPES OF AI…

A. Based on Capabilities
2. General AI:
• General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and think like a human on its own.
• Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under general AI and can perform any task as
perfect as a human. It may arrive within the next 20 or so years but it has challenges relating to hardware, the
energy consumption required in today’s powerful machines, and the need to solve for catastrophic memory loss
that affects even the most advanced deep learning algorithms of today.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of effort and time to develop such
systems.
TYPES OF AI…

B. Based on the functionality

1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
TYPES OF AI…

B. Based on the functionality

2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
• These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed
limits, and other information to navigate the road.
TYPES OF AI…

B. Based on the functionality

3. Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts
and improvement for developing such AI machines.
TYPES OF AI…

How humans think

• Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
• Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding environment.
• Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted and
evaluated.
• AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI systems or models.
• This process represents the main three layers or components of AI systems.
• It is possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.
INFLUENCERS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data

• Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures
• Cloud computing and APIs
• The emergence of data science
APPLICATIONS OF AI

• AI in Agriculture • AI in Social Media

• AI in Healthcare • AI in Travel &Transport
• AI in Education • AI in the Automotive Industry
• AI in Finance and E-commerce • AI in Robotics
• AI in Gaming • AI in Entertainment
• AI in Data Security
AI TOOLS AND PLATFORMS

• AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or software framework

(including application frameworks), that allows the software to run.
• It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by human beings.
• The platform simulates the cognitive function that human minds perform such as
problem-solving, learning, reasoning, social intelligence as well as general intelligence.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a tool kit to build intelligent
applications.
• AI platforms are frequently used by developers to create both the learning algorithm and
intelligent application.
AI TOOLS AND PLATFORMS…

AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer
science,
• Search and optimization
• Logic
• Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
• Classifiers and statistical learning methods
• Neural networks
• Control theory
• Languages
AI TOOLS AND PLATFORMS…

The most common artificial intelligence

platforms include:
• Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning
• API.AI
• Google Cloud Prediction API
• Premonition
• IBM Watson
• Rainbird
• TensorFlow
• Ayasdi
• Infosys Nia
• MindMeld
• Wipro HOLMES
• Meya