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10...... Trickling Filter & Asp

Trickling filters are used for biological wastewater treatment. Sewage is applied to a bed of crushed stone or other media where a biofilm develops. Bacteria in the biofilm decompose organic matter as the wastewater trickles through. The treated effluent is sent to secondary sedimentation to remove biomass sloughed off from the biofilm. Activated sludge process mixes wastewater with activated sludge containing microorganisms in aeration tanks with air injection. The microorganisms consume organic matter, which is then settled out. Settled sludge is recycled to the aeration tanks to treat more wastewater. Both processes remove around 75-90% of organic matter but activated sludge requires closer control

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Leo Thomas
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93 views

10...... Trickling Filter & Asp

Trickling filters are used for biological wastewater treatment. Sewage is applied to a bed of crushed stone or other media where a biofilm develops. Bacteria in the biofilm decompose organic matter as the wastewater trickles through. The treated effluent is sent to secondary sedimentation to remove biomass sloughed off from the biofilm. Activated sludge process mixes wastewater with activated sludge containing microorganisms in aeration tanks with air injection. The microorganisms consume organic matter, which is then settled out. Settled sludge is recycled to the aeration tanks to treat more wastewater. Both processes remove around 75-90% of organic matter but activated sludge requires closer control

Uploaded by

Leo Thomas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trickling filters

Trickling filters

• These filters are also known as sprinkling or percolating filters

• Trickling filter is a bed of crushed stone, gravel or slag of


relatively large size to which the sewage is applied by sprinkling
on surface.

• The applied sewage trickles in a thin film over the surface of


filtering media which become coated with a biological film or
slime layer
Trickling filters

• In the outer layers of this film, bacteria will decompose the organic
matter

• As the microorganism grow , thickness of slime layer increases,


shortage of organic carbon near the media face & bacteria enters an
endogenous phase

• The liquid sewage exerts a shearing action then breaks up some


biological mass from the biofilm (sloughing )

• The effluent obtained from the filter must be taken to secondary


sedimentation tank for settling out the sloughed biomass
Construction

• Trickling filter tanks may either be rectangular or more


generally circular

• Rectangular filters are provided with a network of pipes having


fixed nozzles, which sprays the incoming sewage into air, which
then falls over the bed of the filter under gravity

• With spray nozzles, the filter is dosed for 3-5 minutes and then
rested for 5-10 minutes before the next application.
Construction

The circular filter tanks are provided with rotary distributors


having a number of distributing arms

These distributors rotate around a central support either by an


electric motor

The rate of revolutions varies from 2 RPM to ½ RPM

With a rotary distributor, the application of sewage to filter is


practically continuous
• The filtering media consists of coarser materials like cubically
broken stones or slag, free from dust and small pieces.

• The size of the material used may vary between 25-75 mm.

• The depth of filtering media may be between 2 - 3 m.

• The filtering material may be placed in layers, with coarsest stones


used near the bottom and finer materials towards the top.
• The walls of filter tanks are made honey combed or otherwise
provided with openings for circulation of air.

• A satisfactory ventilation is achieved when properly designed under-


drains having adequate openings are provided under the filter bed.

• Vitrified clay blocks are generally used as under drains which have top
openings of such size that the stone can be placed directly on them.

• These blocks are laid on a reinforced concrete floor (about 10-15 cm


thick) which is sloped gently towards the main effluent rectangular
channel.
Hydraulic loading rate :

Quantity of sewage applied per unit of surface area of filter per


day - 22 to 44 million litres per hectare per day

BOD is reduced to about 75 to 90 %


Advantages
• requires lesser land areas and smaller quantities of filter media
for their installations.

• They can remove about 75% BOD and 80% of suspended


solids

• Working is very simple so does not require any skilled


supervision.

• Mechanical wear and tear is small as they contain less


mechanical equipment.

• Moisture content of obtained sludge from these filter is as high


as 99%.
.
Disadvantages

• Their cost construction is high.

• They cannot treat raw sewage so primary sedimentation is


must
Operational troubles

Fly nuisance:

• The filter fly, psychoda, which develops in filter particles, may


prove to be nuisance

• This problem may be controlled by flooding the filter with


sewage for 24 hours or more.

• Spray insecticide
Operational troubles

Odour nuisance:

• H2S and other odorous gases are frequently released from


the sprays into the atmosphere.

• In this case, the remedy is to chlorinate the sewage to prevent


formation of H2S gas
Operational troubles

Ponding trouble:

• the voids in the filter media get clogged due to heavy growth
of fungi and algae which may result in ponding of the sewage
over the filter bed.

• This trouble can be controlled by chlorinating the sewage


which kills the algae
High rate trickling filters

• provision is made for recirculation of sewage through the


filter, by pumping a part of the filter effluent to the primary
settling tank and re-passing through it through the filter.

• The high rate filters make it possible to pass the sewage at


greater loadings, thus requiring lesser space and lesser filter
media.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP)

• secondary or biological treatment process

• provides an excellent method of treating either raw sewage or more generally


the settled sewage.

• .

• The sewage effluent from primary sedimentation tank, is mixed with


20-30% of own volume of activated sludge, which contains a large
concentration of highly active aerobic microorganisms
• In the aeration tank, the mixture of sewage and microorganisms are mixed
together with large quantity of air for about 4-8 hours.

• Under these conditions, the moving organisms will oxidize the organic matter
and the suspended and colloidal matter tends to coagulate and form a
precipitate, which settle down readily in the secondary settling tank.

• The settled sewage (containing microorganisms) called activated sludge is then


recycled to the head of aeration tank to be mixed again with the sewage being
treated.
• BOD removal is up to 80-95% and bacteria removal is up to 90-95%.

• land area required is also quite less.

• But, however, in this process, a rather close degree of control is necessary


in operation to ensure:

• a) That an ample supply of oxygen is present.

• b) That there is intimate and continuous mixing of the sewage and the
activated sludge.

• c) That the ratio of the volume of activated sludge added to the volume of
sewage being treated is kept practically constant.
1. Primary treatment units of an activated sludge plant
• the removal of grit and larger solids by screening in grit chambers and primary
sedimentation tanks respectively is generally considered necessary before aeration

2. Aeration tanks of an activated sludge plant

• The aeration tanks are normally rectangular tanks.


• 3 - 4.5 m deep,
• 4 - 6 m wide
• 20 - 200 m long
• detention period between 4-8 hours.

• Air is continuously introduced into these tanks.

Methods of aeration

• Diffused air aeration or air diffusion.


• Mechanical aeration.
• Combined diffused and mechanical aeration
1. Diffused air aeration

• compressed air under a pressure of 0.35 to 0.7 kg/cm2 is introduced into


the aeration chambers through diffusers

• Diffusers - porous plates and porous tubes made up of quartz or


crystalline alumina and capable of diffusing air in small bubbles

• Plates are generally square in shape with dimensions of 30 cm × 30 cm


and are usually 25 mm thick which are fixed at the bottom of aeration
tanks.

• Tube diffusers are generally 60 cm long with internal diameter of 75 mm

• Two types – ridge & furrow


spiral flow
RIDGE AND FURROW TYPE AERATION TANKS

• tanks provided with succession of ridges and furrows

• Aeration is provided by diffusers provided at bottom of furrow


• SPIRAL FLOW TANKS

• diffusers provided near side of the aeration tank.

• The rising air sets up a spiral flow through the tanks and produces efficient
agitation with less use of air.
2. Mechanical aeration

• In the air diffusion method, a lot of compressed air gets wasted

• In mechanical aeration method, sewage is stirred up by means of


mechanical devices like paddles to introduce air into it from the
atmosphere by continuously changing the surface of sewage by
circulation of sewage from bottom to top.

• Aeration period varies between 6-8 hours.

• Two types of aerators are used in this type of aeration

Haworth system
Simplex type aerator
Haworth system

• Aeration tank 1 m deep is divided by thin walls into narrow


channels (70 m x 1.5 m plan area )

• At about midway of the channel , two row of paddles


revolving at 1.5 r.p.m are provided

• Detention time of these tank is about 15 hours


Simplex aerator
• Square tank with hopper bottom

• At the centre of the tank , a hollow


tube is suspended from top of the
tank

• A steel cone with spiral vane is


provided at top of the uptake tube

• Cone is driven by a motor at speed of


60 rpm

• creates a suction at the bottom and


sprays it towards the sides in the
tank

• Air bubbles are created in this


process causing aeration
Combined aeration

• Aeration is achieved by diffusing


air through diffuser plate as well
as by rotating paddles @ 10 to 12
rpm

• Detention time 3 to 4 hours


Secondary sedimentation tank of activated sludge process

• Considerable length of overflow weir is provided to reduce the velocity of


approach

• Detention time is kept between 1.5 to 2 hours

• Length to depth ratio is kept at about 5 for circular tank and 7 for
rectangular tank

• Depth 3.5 to 4.5 m

• Final settling tank is required to provide return activated sludge

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