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Open Systems Support : Interoperability: The Ability of Two Different Systems or Applications To

This document discusses open systems support and scalability in distributed systems. It defines interoperability, portability, and extensibility as key aspects of open systems. It describes three dimensions of scalability - size, geographical distribution, and number of administrative organizations. It discusses challenges to scalability from centralized components and algorithms and benefits of decentralized algorithms. It also outlines techniques for improving scalability through distribution, replication, and hiding communication latencies.

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Zohaib Hassan
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35 views

Open Systems Support : Interoperability: The Ability of Two Different Systems or Applications To

This document discusses open systems support and scalability in distributed systems. It defines interoperability, portability, and extensibility as key aspects of open systems. It describes three dimensions of scalability - size, geographical distribution, and number of administrative organizations. It discusses challenges to scalability from centralized components and algorithms and benefits of decentralized algorithms. It also outlines techniques for improving scalability through distribution, replication, and hiding communication latencies.

Uploaded by

Zohaib Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Open Systems Support … 1

 Interoperability: the ability of two different systems or applications to


work together
 A process that needs a service should be able to talk to any process that
provides the service.
 Multiple implementations of the same service may be provided, as long as
the interface is maintained
 Portability: an application designed to run on one distributed system can
run on another system which implements the same interface.
 Extensibility: Easy to add new components, features
2
Goal 4 - Scalability

 Dimensions that may scale:


 With respect to size
 With respect to geographical distribution
 With respect to the number of administrative organizations spanned
 A scalable system still performs well as it scales up along any of the three
dimensions.
Size Scalability 3

 Scalability is negatively affected when the system is based on


 Centralized server: one for all users
 Centralized data: a single data base for all users
 Centralized algorithms: one site collects all information, processes it,
distributes the results to all sites.
 Complete knowledge: good
 Time and network traffic: bad
4
Decentralized Algorithms

 No machine has complete information about the system state


 Machines make decisions based only on local information
 Failure of a single machine doesn’t ruin the algorithm
 There is no assumption that a global clock exists.
Geographic Scalability 5

 Early distributed systems ran on LANs, relied on synchronous


communication.
 May be too slow for wide-area networks
 Wide-area communication is unreliable, point-to-point;
 Unpredictable time delays may even affect correctness
 LAN communication is based on broadcast.
 Consider how this affects an attempt to locate a particular kind of service
 Centralized components + wide-area communication: waste of
network bandwidth
Scalability - Administrative 6

 Different domains may have different policies about resource usage, management,
security, etc.
 Trust often stops at administrative boundaries
 Requires protection from malicious attacks
Scaling Techniques 7

 Scalability affects performance more than anything else.


 Three techniques to improve scalability:
 Hiding communication latencies
 Distribution
 Replication
8
Distribution
 Instead of one centralized service, divide into parts and distribute
geographically
 Each part handles one aspect of the job
 Example: DNS namespace is organized as a tree of domains; each domain
is divided into zones; names in each zone are handled by a different name
server
 WWW consists of many (millions?) of servers
Third Scaling Technique - 9
Replication
 Replication: multiple identical copies of something
 Replicated objects may also be distributed, but aren’t necessarily.
 Replication
 Increases availability
 Improves performance through load balancing
 May avoid latency by improving proximity of resource
Types of Distributed Systems 10

 Distributed Computing Systems


 Clusters
 Grids
 Clouds
 Distributed Information Systems
 Transaction Processing Systems
 Enterprise Application Integration
 Distributed Embedded Systems
 Home systems
 Health care systems
 Sensor networks
Cluster Computing 11

 A collection of similar processors (PCs, workstations) running the


same operating system, connected by a high-speed LAN.
 Parallel computing capabilities using inexpensive PC hardware
 Replace big parallel computers (MPPs)
Cluster Types & Uses 12

 High Performance Clusters (HPC)


 run large parallel programs
 Scientific, military, engineering apps; e.g., weather modeling
 Load Balancing Clusters
 Front end processor distributes incoming requests
 server farms (e.g., at banks or popular web site)
 High Availability Clusters (HA)
 Provide redundancy – back up systems
 May be more fault tolerant than large mainframes
Cluster Computing Systems 13

 Figure 1-6. An example of a cluster computing system.

Figure 1-6. An example of a cluster computing system


Grid Computing Systems 14

 Modeled loosely on the electrical grid.


 Highly heterogeneous with respect to hardware, software, networks,
security policies, etc.
 Grids support virtual organizations: a collaboration of users who
pool resources (servers, storage, databases) and share them
 Grid software is concerned with managing sharing across
administrative domains.
Grids 15

 Similar to clusters but processors are more loosely coupled, tend to be


heterogeneous, and are not all in a central location.
 Can handle workloads similar to those on supercomputers, but grid
computers connect over a network (Internet?) and supercomputers’
CPUs connect to a high-speed internal bus/network
 Problems are broken up into parts and distributed across multiple
computers in the grid – less communication betw parts than in
clusters.

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