DIGITAL

LOGIC
FAMILIES
 A logic family may refer to one of two
related concepts. A logic family of monolithic
digital integrated circuit devices is a group of
electronic logic gates constructed using one of
several different designs, usually with
compatible logic levels and power supply
characteristics within a family.
 A "logic family" may also refer to a set of
techniques used to implement logic within VLSI
integrated circuits such as central processors,
memories, or other complex functions. Some such
logic families use static techniques to minimize
design complexity. Other such logic families, such
as domino logic, use clocked dynamic techniques to
minimize size, power consumption and delay.
• Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)
• Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL)
• Resistor–capacitor–transistor logic (RCTL)
• Diode–transistor logic (DTL)
• Complemented transistor diode logic (CTDL)
• High-threshold logic (HTL)
• Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
• Positive emitter-coupled logic (PECL)
• Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic (LVPECL)
• Complementary transistor micrologic (CTuL) [1][2]
• Transistor–transistor logic (TTL)
• P-type metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (PMOS)
• N-type metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (NMOS)
• Depletion-load NMOS logic
• High-density nMOS (HMOS)
• Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor logic (CMOS)
• Bipolar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
logic (BiCMOS)
• Integrated injection logic (I L)
2
5 Main characteristics of Logic Families:
• Speed: Speed of a logic circuit is determined by the time between the
application of input and change in the output of the circuit.
• Fan-in:  It determines the number of inputs the logic gate can handle.
• Fan-out: Determines the number of circuits that a gate can drive.
• Noise Immunity: Maximum noise that a circuit can withstand without
affecting the output.
• Power: When a circuit switches from one state to the other, power
dissipates.
 DL
DIODE LOGIC
• Only Diode and Resistors are used for implementing a particular
Logic. Remember that the Diode conducts only when it is
Forward Biased.
• Disadvantages of Diode Logic
- Diode Logic suffers from voltage degradation from one stage to
the next.
- Diode Logic only permits OR and AND functions.
 RTL
RESISTOR-
TRANSISTOR LOGIC
• All the logic are implemented using resistors and transistors. One basic
thing about the transistor (NPN), is that HIGH at input causes output to
be LOW.
• The resistor-transistor logic, also termed as RTL, was most popular kind
of logic before the invention of IC fabrication technologies.
As its name suggests, RTL circuits mainly consists of resistors and
transistors that comprises RTL devices. The basic RTL device is a NOR
gate.
• RTL family is characterized by poor noise margin, poor fan-out
capability, low speed and high power dissipation. Due to these
undesirable characteristics, this family is now obsolete.
• A family of simple resistor–transistor logic integrated circuits was developed
at Fairchild Semiconductor for the Apollo Guidance Computer in 1962. Texas
Instruments soon introduced its own family of RTL. A variant with integrated
capacitors, RCTL, had increased speed, but lower immunity to noise than
RTL. This was made by Texas Instruments as their "51XX" series.
• Advantage:
-Less number of Transistors
• Disadvantage:
-High Power Dissipation
-Low Fan In
 DTL
DIODE-
TRANSISTOR LOGIC
• All the logic is implemented using diodes and transistors.
• The diode-transistor logic, also termed as DTL, replaced RTL family
because of greater fan-out capability and more noise margin.
• Diode logic was used with vacuum tubes in the earliest electronic
computers in the 1940s including ENIAC. Diode–transistor logic
(DTL) was used in the IBM 608 which was the first all-transistorized
computer. Early transistorized computers were implemented using
discrete transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors.
• Disadvantage:
-Propagation Delay is Larger
• The first diode–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was introduced
by Signetics in 1962. DTL was also made by Fairchild and Westinghouse. A
family of diode logic and diode–transistor logic integrated circuits was
developed by Texas Instruments for the D-37C Minuteman II Guidance
Computer in 1962, but these devices were not available to the public.
•A variant of DTL called "high-threshold logic" incorporated Zener
diodes to create a large offset between logic 1 and logic 0 voltage levels.
These devices usually ran off a 15 volt power supply and were found in
industrial control, where the high differential was intended to minimize the
effect of noise.
 ECL
EMITTER-COUPLED
LOGIC
• The main specialty of ECL is that it is operating in Active Region than the
Saturation Region. That is the reason for its high speed operation.
• The ECL family, ECL is also known as current-mode logic (CML), was
invented by IBM as current steering logic for use in the transistorized IBM
7030 Stretch computer, where it was implemented using discrete
components.
• The first ECL logic family to be available in integrated circuits was
introduced by Motorola as MECL in 1962.
• Disadvantage:
-Large Silicon Area
-Large Power Consumption
 TTL
TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR
LOGIC
• Logic gates are built only around transistors.
• The first transistor–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was
introduced by Sylvania as Sylvania Universal High–Level Logic (SUHL)
in 1963. Texas Instruments introduced the 7400 seriesTTL family in
1964. Transistor–transistor logic uses bipolar transistors to form its
integrated circuits. TTL has changed significantly over the years, with
newer versions replacing the older types.
• Since the transistors of a standard TTL gate are saturated switches,
minority carrier storage time in each junction limits the switching speed
of the device. Variations on the basic TTL design are intended to reduce
these effects and improve speed, power consumption, or both.
• German physicist Walter H. Schottky formulated a theory predicting the Schottky
effect, which led to the Schottky diode and later Schottky transistors. For the same
power dissipation, Schottky transistors have a faster switching speed than
conventional transistors because the Schottky diode prevents the transistor from
saturating and storing charge. Gates built with Schottky transistors use more power
than normal TTL and switch faster. With Low-power Schottky (LS), internal
resistance values were increased to reduce power consumption and increase
switching speed over the original version. The introduction of Advanced Low-
power Schottky (ALS) further increased speed and reduced power consumption. A
faster logic family called FAST (Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL) was also
introduced that was faster than normal Schottky TTL.
 IIL
INTEGRADTED INJECTION
LOGIC
The integrated injection logic (IIL or I2L) uses bipolar
transistors in a current-steering arrangement to implement
logic functions. It was used in some integrated circuits, but
it is now considered obsolete.
 MOS
METAL–OXIDE–
SEMICONDUCTOR LOGIC
• MOS logic family implements the logic gates using MOSFET
devices. MOSFETs are high density devices which can easily and
economically fabricated on ICs. MOS logic gates can be
fabricated using either only NMOS or only PMOS devices.
• MOS logic is vastly used in LSI and VLSI devices, such as
microprocessor chips, due to their high density characteristic. 
 CMOS
COMPLEMENTARY METAL–
OXIDE–SEMICONDUCTOR LOGIC
• Use complementary arrangements of enhancement-mode N-channel
and P-channel field effect transistor. Since the initial devices used
oxide-isolated metal gates, they were called CMOS (complementary
metal–oxide–semiconductor logic). In contrast to TTL, CMOS uses
almost no power in the static state (that is, when inputs are not
changing). A CMOS gate draws no current other than leakage when
in a steady 1 or 0 state. When the gate switches states, current is
drawn from the power supply to charge the capacitance at the output
of the gate. This means that the current draw of CMOS devices
increases with switching rate (controlled by clock speed, typically).
• The first CMOS family of logic integrated circuits was introduced
by RCA as CD4000 COS/MOS, the 4000 series, in 1968. Initially
CMOS logic was slower than LS-TTL. However, because the
logic thresholds of CMOS were proportional to the power supply
voltage, CMOS devices were well-adapted to battery-operated
systems with simple power supplies. CMOS gates can also
tolerate much wider voltage ranges than TTL gates because the
logic thresholds are (approximately) proportional to power supply
voltage, and not the fixed levels required by bipolar circuits.
• The required silicon area for implementing such digital CMOS
functions has rapidly shrunk. VLSI technology incorporating
millions of basic logic operations onto one chip, almost
exclusively uses CMOS. The extremely small capacitance of the
on-chip wiring caused an increase in performance by several
orders of magnitude. On-chip clock rates as high as 4 GHz have
become common, approximately 1000 times faster than the
technology by 1970.
REFERENCES
http://digitalbyte.weebly.com/logic-families.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_family
https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/digital-logic-families/