Chapter 1 – Introduction to Network

Design Concepts
Computer Network I (NET 362)
Acknowledgement
 Text and images are adopted from following sources:
 CCNA Routing and Switching 200-125 Official Cert Guide
Library (1st Edition) by Wendell Odom
 Cisco CCNA in 60 Days (2nd Edition) by Paul William
Browning
 CCNA Routing and Switching Study Guide (1 st Edition) by
Todd Lammle
 Learning material of Cisco Systems
 Internet

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Textbook
 CCNA Routing and Switching 200-125 Official Cert
Guide Library (1st Edition) by Wendell Odom.

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Topics
1. Network Design Basics
2. Network Architecture Characteristics
3. Network Types

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 1. Network Design Basics

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Network Requirements
Network requirements:
 Ease of management
 Fast recovery
 Application response time
 Fast troubleshooting

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Network Design Goals
 The four fundamental network design goals are:
 Scalability
 Availability
 Security
 Manageability

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Hierarchical Network Design
 Core Layer: connects Distribution Layer devices
 Distribution Layer: interconnects smaller LANs
 Access Layer: provides connections for hosts and end
devices

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Hierarchical Network Design (cont.)
 Advantage
 The benefit of dividing a flat network into smaller, more
manageable hierarchical blocks is that local traffic remains
local. Only traffic destined for other networks is moved to a
higher layer. Layer 2 devices in a flat network provide little
opportunity to control broadcasts or to filter undesirable traffic.
As more devices and applications are added to a flat network,
response times degrade until the network becomes unusable.

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Hierarchical Network Design (cont.)
 This model divides the network design into three layer.

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Example: Hierarchal Campus Model

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Example: Hierarchal Network Model WAN

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Modular Design of a Cisco Network
Architecture
 The Cisco Enterprise Architectures can be used to further
divide the three-layer hierarchical design into modular
areas.
 Enterprise Campus
 Server Farm
 Enterprise Edge

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Modular Design of a Cisco Network
Architecture (cont.)

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Steps in Network Design Project
 Identify the network requirements
 Characterize the existing network
 Design the network topology and solutions

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 Network Architecture
Characteristics

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Network Architecture Characteristics
 Quality of Service (QoS)
 Fault Tolerance
 Scalability
 Security

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Network Architecture Characteristics (cont.)
 QoS mechanisms work to ensure quality of service for
applications that require it.

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Network Architecture Characteristics (cont.)
 Select the appropriate QoS strategy for a given type of
traffic.

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Network Architecture Characteristics (cont.)
 Factors that necessitate Quality of Service and the
mechanisms necessary to ensure it.

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Network Architecture Characteristics (cont.)
 Packet switching helps improve the resiliency and fault tolerance of the
Internet architecture.

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Network Architecture Characteristics (cont.)
 Characteristics of the Internet that help it scale to meet
user demand:
(i) Hierarchical (ii) Common standards (iii) Common protocols

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Network Architecture Characteristics (cont.)
Basic measures to secure data networks:
 Ensure confidentiality through use of
 User authentication
 Data encryption
 Maintain communication integrity through use of
 Digital signatures
 Ensure availability through use of
 Firewalls
 Redundant network architecture
 Hardware without a single point of failure

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 Network Types

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Network Types
 LAN
 WAN

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Local Area Network (LAN)
 A privately owned computer network that links devices
within a building or group of adjacent buildings,
especially one with a radius of less than 1 km.

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Wide Area Network (WAN)
 A wide area network is a network that covers a broad area
using leased telecommunication lines.

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Cisco Hierarchal Network Model

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Enterprise Composite Network Model
Functional Areas

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Characteristics of a Network

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Why Routing?
 The router is responsible for the routing of traffic between
networks.

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Routers are Computers
 Routers are specialized computers containing the
following required components to operate:
 Central processing unit (CPU)
 Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS
 Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard
drive)
 Routers utilize the following memory:

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Routers Interconnect Networks
 Routers can connect multiple networks.
 Routers have multiple interfaces, each on a different IP
network.

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Routers Choose Best Paths
 Routers use static routes and/or dynamic routing protocols
to learn about remote networks and build their routing
tables.
 Determine (or decide) the best path to send packets
 Uses its routing table to determine path
 Forward packets toward their destination
 Forwards packet to interface indicated in routing table.
 Encapsulates the packet and forwards out toward destination.  

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Default Gateways
 To enable network access devices must be configured with
the following information:
 IP address - Identifies a unique host on a local network.
 Subnet mask - Identifies the host’s network subnet.
 Default gateway - Identifies the router a packet is sent to when
the destination is not on the same local network subnet.

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Router’s Forwarding Function
 Routers read the packet until layer 3. But, advanced
models can read further deeper.

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Router’s Forwarding Function (cont.)

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Router’s Forwarding Function (cont.)
 Host’s forwarding logic: Send the packet to the default
router
 When a device wants to send data to another device and does
not find the destination address in the same subnet than it
forwards the packets to a device whose job is to know where to
route the data. Such a device is called default router (or default
gateway).
 For sending data to the default gateway sending host encloses
network layer packet into a data link frame. As shown in image
given on next slide.

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Router’s Forwarding Function (cont.)

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Router’s Forwarding Function (cont.)
 R1 and R2’s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network
 Each router construct and maintain a routing table. When a
packet is received router check, in its routing table, where to
forward it.

Routing Table
Subnet Interface Next Hop
10.1.1.0 Serial0 R5
192.168.1.0 Serial1 R6

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Router’s Forwarding Function (cont.)
 R3’s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination
 When R3 receives the packet and realizes it is in its own
subnet. It forward it to the destination host.

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 How Routing Uses LANs and WANs
 Packets are encapsulated
in new frames before
forwarding on each link.
 New frame’s fields have
information of new link.

Data Link Data Link IP Packet

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