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Powerpoint Presentation To Accompany: © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The document discusses cellular metabolism and reproduction through mitosis and meiosis. It covers topics like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and the stages and processes of mitosis and meiosis. Diagrams and animations accompany the text to illustrate key concepts.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

Powerpoint Presentation To Accompany: © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The document discusses cellular metabolism and reproduction through mitosis and meiosis. It covers topics like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and the stages and processes of mitosis and meiosis. Diagrams and animations accompany the text to illustrate key concepts.

Uploaded by

serena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


1
Chapter 4

Cellular Metabolism and


Reproduction:
Mitosis and Meiosis

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


2
Introduction to Cellular Metabolism

• Metabolism: total cellular chemical


changes
– Anabolism: process of building up
– Catabolism: process of breaking down
• Calorie: measure of energy contained in
food
• ATP: energy source available to the cell

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


3
Cellular Metabolism or
Biochemical Respiration

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


4
Glycolysis

• Breakdown of glucose
• Anaerobic or aerobic process
• Final outcome
– 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP molecules
(anaerobic), 8 ATP molecules (aerobic)

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


5
The Krebs Citric Acid Cycle

• Pyruvic Acid > Acetic Acid > Acetyl-CoA


• Acetyl-CoA enters Krebs cycle in
mitochondria
• Final outcome
– 6 CO2, 8 NADH2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (GTP)

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


6
The Electron Transport (Transfer)
System
• Series of reduction/oxidation reactions
• Requires O2
• Electron carriers
• Number of ATP molecules dependent on
electron carrier
• Water is a waste product

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


7
Summary of ATP Production

• During glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and


electron transport
• Glycolysis: 8 ATP (aerobic)
• Krebs cycle and electron transport
– 28 ATP + 2 GTP or
– 30 ATP
• 1 glucose molecule yields 38 ATP

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


8
Anaerobic Respiration

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


9
Fermentation

• Yeast breaks down glucose anaerobically


• Pyruvic acid broken down by
decarboxylase
– Forms carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde
• Final products: 2 ATP, CO2, ethyl alcohol

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


10
Anaerobic Production of ATP by
Muscles
• Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid
– Accumulation of lactic acid causes fatigue in
muscles
– When oxygen supplied, lactic acid turns back
into pyruvic acid
• 2 ATP produced per glucose molecule

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


11
Production of ATP from
General Food Compounds

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


12
Production of ATP from General
Food Compounds (cont’d.)
• Carbohydrates fit into cellular furnace at
same level as glucose
– Can be stored in liver or as fat
• Fats digested into fatty acids and glycerol
– Glycerol enters at PGA stage of glycolysis
– Fatty acids enter Krebs citric acid cycle

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


13
Production of ATP from General
Food Compounds (cont’d.)
• Proteins digested into amino acids
– Enter into Krebs cycle at different stages
• Dependent on chemical structure

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


14
Introduction to Cellular
Reproduction

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


15
Introduction to Cellular
Reproduction (cont’d.)
• Process of cell duplication
• Mitosis: duplication of genetic material
• Cytokinesis: duplication of organelles
• Meiosis: reduction division only in gonads

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


16
The Structure of the DNA
Molecule

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


17
The History of the Discovery of
DNA
• Friedrich Miescher, 1869: first discovery
• P.A. Levine, 1920s: composition
• Rosalind Franklin: helical structure
• Watson and Crick: three-dimensional
structure

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


18
The Anatomy of the DNA Molecule

• Double helical chain of nucleotides


– Phosphate group
– Five-carbon sugars (deoxyribose)
– Nitrogen-containing base
• Pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine)
• Purines (adenine and guanine)
– Pyrimidines pair with purines
– Chains held together by hydrogen bonds

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


19
The Anatomy of the DNA Molecule
(cont’d.)
• Gene: sequence of base pairs that codes
for polypeptide or protein
• Human Genome Project
– 3 billion base pairs that code for 30,000 genes
• Duplication of DNA molecule
– Helicase separates at hydrogen bonds
– DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


20
The Cell Cycle

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


21
Introduction

• All reproduction begins at cellular level


• Interphase
– Previously called resting stage
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


22
Interphase

• Time between divisions


– G1: Primary growth phase
– S: DNA duplication
– G2: Centrioles complete duplication,
mitochondria replicate, chromosomes
condense and coil

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


23
Mitosis
• Prophase
– Chromosomes become visible as chromatids
joined by centromere
– Two kinetochores at the centromere
– Centrioles move to opposite poles
– Nuclear membrane breaks down
– Microtubules attach kinetochores to spindle

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


24
Mitosis (cont’d.)

• Metaphase
– Chromatids align at equator of cell
– Centromere divides

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


25
Mitosis (cont’d.)

• Anaphase
– Divided centromere pulls chromatids to
opposite pole
– Cytokinesis begins

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


26
Mitosis (cont’d.)

• Telophase
– Chromosomes uncoil and decondense
– Spindle apparatus breaks down
– New nuclear membrane forms
– Cytokinesis nearly complete

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


27
Animation - Mitosis
• Stop and watch a 3-D presentation of
mitosis.

Click Here to Play Mitosis Animation

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


28
Cytokinesis

• Animal cells
– Cleavage furrow forms
– Cell is pinched into daughter cells
• Plant cells
– Cell plate forms at equator
– Cell plate becomes new cell wall

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


29
Meiosis: A Reduction Division

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


30
Introduction

• Occurs only in the gonads


• Reduces genetic material from diploid to
haploid
• Two divisions resulting in four cells

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


31
Stages of Meiosis

• Prophase I: homologous chromosomes


pair and cross over
• Metaphase I: chromosomes align along
equator
• Anaphase I: centromeres pulled to poles
– One member to each pole
• Telophase I: one of each pair is at each
pole

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


32
Stages of Meiosis (cont’d.)

• Prophase II: spindle forms; centrioles


move to poles
• Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at
equator
• Anaphase II: centromeres divide
• Telophase II: chromatids at each pole; new
nuclear membrane forms

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


33
Animation - Meiosis
• Now that you have learned about the stages of meiosis,
watch the meiosis animation for a visual of this process.

Click Here to Play Meiosis Animation

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


34
Gametogenesis: The
Formation of the Sex Cells

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


35
Gametogenesis: The Formation of
the Sex Cells (cont’d.)
• Spermatogenesis
– Four cells produced
– Develop into sperm
• Oogenesis
– Four cells produced
– Only one becomes functional egg

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


36
Animation – Cancer Metastasizing
• Refer to the Common Disease, Disorder or Condition box on
Cancer in your textbook and read about the growth of cancer cells.
Now watch the 3-D Cancer Metastasizing animation.

Click Here to Play Cancer Metastasizing Animation

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


37
Summary

• Discussed how glucose is converted into


ATP in the presence of oxygen
• Discussed how glucose is converted into
ATP in the absence of oxygen
• Described how fats and proteins are
converted into ATP
• Discussed the cell cycle

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning


38

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