PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

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 Chapter 9

The Muscular System

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 Introduction

• Skeletal muscles: movement in

environment
• Smooth muscles: intestines, ureters, veins
and arteries
• Cardiac muscle: pumps blood through
heart and blood vessels
• 40% - 50% of body weight

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The Types of Muscle

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 The Types of Muscle (cont’d.)

• Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated

• Smooth: involuntary, nonstriated and
uninucleated
• Cardiac: involuntary, striated and
uninucleated

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The Anatomy of Skeletal or
Striated Muscle

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The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated
Muscle (cont’d.)
• Skeletal muscle cell surrounded by
sarcolemma
• Fasciculi: bundles of fascicles
• Fascicles: individual bundles of muscle
fibers

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The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated
Muscle (cont’d.)
• Perimysium: surrounds each fascicle
• Epimysium: covers the perimysium
• Fascia: covers the epimysium
• Myosin: A bands
• Actin: I bands
• Z lines
• H zone

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The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated
Muscle (cont’d.)
• Sarcomere: between two adjacent Z lines
– Actual contraction process occurs here
• Sarcotubular system
– T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum

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The Physiology of Muscle
Contraction

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 Introduction

• Motor unit: all muscle cells innervated by

one motor neuron
• Muscle cell properties
– Excitability
– Conductivity
– Contractility
– Elasticity

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 Neuroelectrical Factors

• Na+ higher concentration outside muscle

cell
• K+ higher concentration inside muscle cell
• Resting potential: charge outside positive
and inside negative
• Electrical potential: rush of Na+ inside cell
• K+ moves outside cell attempting to
balance

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 Neuroelectrical Factors (cont’d.)

• Action potential
– Calcium released
– Troponin and tropomyosin action inhibited
– Activated myosin links to actin filaments

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 Chemical Interactions

• Myosin heads contain ATP

• ATP releases energy upon myosin/action
link
• Energy released used to pull action
• Sodium: potassium pump pumps out
sodium
• Resting potential restored

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 Energy Sources

• ATP: energy source for muscle contraction

• ATP production
– Glycolysis
– Krebs citric acid cycle
– Electron transport
• Alternate sources: fatty acids and
phosphocreatine

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The Muscle Twitch

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 The Muscle Twitch (cont’d.)

• Stimulus > latent period > contraction >

relaxation
• Contraction strength depends on
– Strength, speed and duration of stimulus
– Weight of load
– Temperature
• All-or-none law

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Muscle Tone

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 Muscle Tone (cont’d.)

• State of partial contraction throughout

whole muscle
• Maintains pressure on abdominal contents
• Helps maintain blood pressure
• Aids digestion
• Types
– Isotonic, isometric

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The Anatomy of Smooth
Muscle

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 The Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
(cont’d.)
• Found in hollow structures
• Involuntary, uninucleated, nonstriated
• Arrangement (two layers)
– Longitudinal (outer)
– Circular (inner)

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The Anatomy of Cardiac
Muscle

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 The Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle
(cont’d.)
• Autonomic nervous system control
• Involuntary, uninucleated, striated
• Intercalated disks: coordinate contraction
• Cardiac muscles: contract, relax and
contract 75 times/minute

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The Naming and Actions of
Skeletal Muscles

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The Naming and Actions of Skeletal
Muscles (cont’d.)
• Action
• Shape
• Origin and insertion
• Location
• Direction of fibers

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The Naming and Actions of Skeletal
Muscles (cont’d.)
• Origin: more fixed attachment of muscle
• Insertion: movable attachment of muscle
• Tendons: attach muscle to bone
• Aponeurosis: wide flat tendon

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The Naming and Actions of Skeletal
Muscles (cont’d.)
• Flexors: bend limb at a joint
• Extensor: straighten limb at a joint
• Abductors: move limb away from midline
• Adductors: bring limb toward midline
• Rotators: revolve limb around axis

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The Naming and Actions of Skeletal
Muscles (cont’d.)
• Dorsiflexors: raise the foot
• Plantar flexors: lower the foot
• Supinators: turn palm upward
• Pronators: turn palm downward

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The Naming and Actions of Skeletal
Muscles (cont’d.)
• Levators: raise a part of the body
• Depressors: lower a part of the body
• Prime movers or agonists: bring about an
action
• Antagonists: oppose agonists
• Synergists: assist prime movers

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The Function and Location of
Selected Skeletal Muscles

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Superficial
Muscles
• Superficial
muscles of
the body,
anterior view

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 Superficial
Muscles
(cont’d.)

• Superficial
muscles of the
body, posterior
view

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 Muscles of Facial Expression

• Occipitalis
• Frontalis
• Zygomaticus
• Levator labii superioris
• Orbicularis oris and buccinator

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Muscles of Facial
Expression
(cont’d.)
• Muscles of the
head and neck,
anterior view

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Muscles of Facial
Expression
(cont’d.)

• Muscles of
the head
and neck,
lateral view

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 Muscles of Mastication

• Masseter
• Temporalis
• Pterygoid

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 Muscles of the Eye

• Superior rectus
• Inferior rectus
• Medial rectus
• Lateral rectus
• Superior and inferior oblique

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 Muscles Moving the Head

• Sternocleidomastoid
– Contraction of both causes flexion of neck
– Contraction of one causes rotation to left or
right

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 Muscles Moving the Shoulder
Girdle
• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboids
• Pectoralis minor
• Trapezius
• Serratus anterior

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 Muscles Moving the Humerus

• Pectoralis major
• Latissimus dorsi
• Teres minor
• Deltoid
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus

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 Muscles Moving the Elbow

• Brachialis
• Biceps brachii
• Brachioradialis
• Triceps brachii
• Anconeus

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 Muscles Moving the Wrist

• Flexor carpi
• Extensor carpi

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 Muscles Moving the Hand

• Supinator
• Pronator teres
• Pronator quadratus

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 Muscles Moving the Thumb

• Flexor pollicis
• Extensor pollicis
• Adductor pollicis
• Abductor pollicis
• Opponens pollicis

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 Muscles Moving the Fingers

• Flexor digitorum
• Extensor digitorum
• Interossei

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 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• Transversus abdominis
• Rectus abdominis

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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
(cont’d.)

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Muscles of Respiration or Breathing

• Diaphragm
– Main muscle
• External and internal intercostals
– Expand the ribs

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 Muscles Moving the Femur

• Psoas
• Iliacus
• Gluteus maximus
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus minimus
• Tensor fascia lata

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 Muscles Moving the Knee Joint

• Biceps femoris
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
• Popliteus
• Gracilis
• Sartorius
• Quadriceps femoris

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 Muscles Moving the Foot

• Gastrocnemius
• Tibialis posterior
• Soleus
• Peroneus longus
• Plantaris
• Tibialis anterior
• Peroneus tertius

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 Muscles Moving the Toes

• Flexor hallucis
• Extensor hallucis
• Flexor digitorum
• Extensor digitorum
• Abductor hallucis
• Abductor digiti minimi

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Animation – Accessory Muscle Use
• The following animation illustrates how the accessory muscles
assist with the breathing process

Click Here to Play Accessory Muscle Use Animation

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 Summary

• Described the gross and microscopic

anatomy of skeletal muscle
• Contrasted skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscle anatomy
• Described muscle contraction and the role
of neuroelectrical and chemical factors
and energy sources
• Named major muscles of the body

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