Static Modeling using Class Diagrams

• Classes, Objects, Attributes and Operations

• Visibility of attributes and operations
• Class-Scope Attributes, Attributes with default values
• Association, Multiplicity, Role-Name
• Qualified Association, Association Class
• Ternary Association, Recursive Association
• Multiple Association between two classes
• Aggregations and its types: Composite and Shared
• Generalization and sub-class partitioning (complete,
incomplete, disjoint, Overlapping)
• Generalization Set
• Interfaces and their realization
• Packages and Grouping of classes into Packages
• Parameterized Classes
 Class
• Base over which the structure of object
orientation is built.
• Signifies the conceptual view of a system.
• A college library system has concepts like book,
magazine, library attendant, librarian, student,
teacher etc.
• Object is fundamental in building object-oriented
systems
• But static view focuses on the classes from
which the objects are instantiated.
 Class contd..
• Classes can be drawn at conceptual level and
implementation level.

• At conceptual level each attribute of the book in

the college library system can have
corresponding set and get operations in order to
allocate and retrieve the data respectively.

• Implementation can be done by using a GUI

consisting of forms and Text boxes and
command buttons.
 Classes and Objects
• A class is a concept within the application domain being
modeled.
 
• A class is what the programmer designs and programs
whereas an object is created from a class at runtime.
Representation of an Object
 Attributes and Operations
• An attribute represents some property of an object.
• In general, an attribute is gettable as well as settable from
outside the object.
• Some attributes are read-only i.e. they are only gettable, they
cannot be assigned values. Represented by preceding attribute
name by a ‘/’.
 Operation Syntax
• Operation syntax:
visibility name(parameter-list):return-type { property-
string}
where,
• parameter-list is a list of the formal parameters and each
parameter is separated by a comma and has the following
syntax:
name:type
 
• Visibility can either be public, private or protected.
• Property string indicates property values that apply to the
given operation.
• E.g. +setBase(b:float):void
• +getBase():float
• +calculateArea():void 
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations
• Visibility indicates the extent to which an attribute or an
operation belonging to a particular class can be referenced
from outside the class.
• Three types: private, public and protected.
• Private visibility: If an attribute is private in a particular
class, it is only visible to the object of that class.
• Even if the object has to modify a variable used to
represent the attribute, it has to invoke a method to do so.
• E.g. If the attributes of Class Triangle i.e. base, height,
area are declared as private, an object t1 of class Triangle
cannot set a value for base and height directly.
• t1.base=10 //Not allowed
• t1. height=20 //Not allowed
• t1 has to invoke method setBase() and setHeight() to do
the above tasks.
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations contd..
• Similarly, the following fragment of code
cannot be written as
• float baseval;
• baseval=t1.base;
• The code fragment has to be written in
the following manner:
• float baseval;
• baseval=t1.getBase();
• UML symbol to denote private visibility:
'-'.
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations contd..
• If an operation in a class is private, then
an object of that class cannot invoke it
directly.
• class add{
• private int a=5;
• private int b=10;
• private int c;
• private void addfunc() {
• c=a+b;
• }
• } //end of add class
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations contd..
• In the main program if code is inserted to create
an object of class add and the following code
fragment is given:
• a.addfunc();
• it will result in a compile-time error.
• The object has to invoke a public operation to do
so.
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations contd..
• Suppose a public operation called addNumbers() is added
to the class add. The class structure becomes
class add{
private int a=5;
private int b=10;
private int c;
private void addfunc() {
c=a+b;
}
public void addNumbers(){
addfunc();
System.out.println("The sum of the two numbers is "
+c);
}
}
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations contd..
• Now the object can successfully call the operation
addNumbers() to perform the addition.

• Any class derived from the base class never inherits its
private attributes and private operations.
• Public visibility: Public attributes and Public operations
can be viewed and used outside the class in which they are
declared. If the attributes in the class Triangle had public
visibility then
• t1.base=10 // Allowed
• t1. height=20 //Allowed
 Visibility of Attributes and
Operations contd..
• The UML symbol to denote public visibility for attributes and
operations is '+'.
• Any class derived from the base class inherits its public
attributes and public operations.

• Protected visibility: This visibility is denoted by the '#'

symbol. It is used to make a private member inheritable.
Class Scope Attribute & Operations

• It is shared between all objects of a particular class. It must be

underlined.
• Created in the program only once when the first object of the class
is created.
• There can be class-scope operations but they can access only
class-scope attributes. They are also underlined.
• E.g. The attribute noOfTriangles 
Depicting Class Scope Attributes &
Operations
 Mapping Class to Java Code
public class Triangle{
private float base;
private float height;
private float area;
private static int noOfTriangles;
public void setBase(float b){
}
public float getBase(){
}
public void setHeight(float h){
}
 Mapping Class to Java Code
public float getHeight(){
}
public void calculateArea(){
}
public float getArea(){
}
public static int getNumberOfTriangles(){
}
}
Depicting attributes with default
values
 Attributes with Default Values
(Java code)
• Converting to the Java class,
public class Customer{
private String custName="Tom";
private int custId=100;
}
• Suppose an object c1 is created. The values for c1's copy of
custName and custId will be Tom and 100 respectively .
 Association

• An association represents relationship

between classes.
 Depicting Navigability
• Navigability shown at the end of an association with the
help of an arrow. If want to say that "A person owns zero
or many flats" but we do not want to say anything explicitly
about a flat being "owned by" person(s) we can draw the
following diagram.
Case 1:One to One Unidirectional
Association
 Java Code
public class Person {
public Flat owns;
}
 
public class Flat {
}
 Case 2: One to Many
Unidirectional Association
 Java Code
import java.util.*;
 
public class Person {
public Collection owns;
}
 
public class Flat {
}
 Case 3:Many to Many
Unidirectional Association
 Java Code
import java.util.*;
 
public class Person {
public Collection owns;
}
 
public class Flat {
}
Case1: One to One Bidirectional
Association
 Java Code
public class Person {
public Flat owns;
}
 
public class Flat {
public Person ownedby;
}
 Case 2: One to Many
Bidirectional Association
Case 2: One to Many Association
 Java Code
import java.util.*;
 
public class Person {
public Collection owns;
}
 
public class Flat {
public Person ownedby;
}
 Case 3: Many to Many
Bidirectional Association
Case 3: Many to Many Association
The Java Code for Bidirectional
Association
import java.util.*;
 
public class Person {
public Collection owns;
}
 
 import java.util.*;
 
public class Flat {
public Collection ownedby;
}
 Role Names
• A string placed at the end of an association
near the class to which it applies.
• It denotes the role played by the class with respect to the
association.
 Qualified Association

• Consider a Company employing many people.

• The class diagram for ‘Company employs Person’ is shown
below.

Suppose we want to distinguish each employee on the basis of

empID
 Qualified Association contd..
• Qualifier "empID" distinguishes among the set of objects of
the class Person at the many end of an association.
• Indicates how the person is identified by the company
• Qualified Association is drawn as a small box at the end of
an association near the class from which the navigation
should be made.

 
 Qualified Association contd..
• Qualified associations can be used with 1 to many or many
to many associations.
• If relationship between Company and Person was many-to-
many then
 Association Class

• Consider the relationship “Person rents Flat."

• Details of the rent like the amount, mode of payment of
rent etc are not the properties of the class Person or of the
class Flat.
• These are properties of the association "rents".
• So an association class called "Rent" can be made and the
properties of rent can be included in it. Operations can also
be added to this class.
Depicting an Association Class
 Ternary Association
• A many-to-many association between three classes.
• Represented by a hollow diamond.
• 
 Recursive Association
• Association of a class to itself.
• E.g. One Person (Mother) can give birth to other persons
(Children).
 Java Code for Recursive
Association

import java.util.*;
 
public class Person {
public Collection givesBirthTo;
}
Within a class Person, there will be a reference to a
collection of Persons
Multiple Associations between Two
Classes
• Two classes can have multiple associations between them.
• E.g. Many trains can arrive at a station and many trains can
leave a station.
 Java Code for Multiple
Associations
public class Train {
public Station arriveAt;
public Station leave;
}
 
public class Station {
}
 Composite Aggregation
• Aggregation indicates that the relationship between classes
is whole-part. There are two types of Aggregations:
composite aggregation and shared aggregation.
• Composite Aggregation-A whole-part association between
two classes such that the parts reside within the whole.
• Destruction of the whole results in automatic destruction of
the parts.
• Multiplicity on the part side can be many but on the whole
side it has to be zero or one.
• Denoted by a filled diamond
Depicting Composite Aggregation
 Java Code for Composite
Aggregation
import java.util.*;
 
public class Form {
public Collection myLabel;
public Collection myTextBox;
}
 
public class Label {
public Form myForm;
}
 
public class TextBox {
public Form myForm;
}
 Shared Aggregation
• A whole-part association between two classes such that a
part can reside within many wholes at the same time.
• Multiplicity on the part side can be many but on the whole
side it has to be other than one.
• Denoted by a hollow diamond.
Java code for Shared Aggregation
import java.util.*;
 
public class Team {
public Collection myPlayer;
}
 
import java.util.*;
 
public class Player {
public Collection myTeam;
}
 Generalization
• An association between a general class and more specific class
(es).
• The specific class (es) contains extra behaviour of its/their own.
• The general class is called as the base class or superclass and the
more specific class is called as the derived class or subclass.
 Generalization contd..
• It can also be represented as:
 Java Code for Generalization
public class Parliamentarian {
 
}
 
public class LokSabhaMember extends Parliamentarian {
 
}
 
public class RajyaSabhaMember extends Parliamentarian {
 
}
 Abstract Class

• A class that is not allowed to have any instances.

• Attributes and operations are only declared within this class.
• Subclasses inherit these features from the abstract class.
• Each subclass will have its own definition for each method
declared in the abstract superclass.
• Represented by italicizing the superclass or using the keyword
{abstract} beside the superclass name in the name compartment
of the superclass.
• A class that has one abstract operation is compulsorily an
abstract class.
• A subclass that inherits from an abstract superclass must
implement all operations of that superclass or itself become
abstract.
• Abstract operations are denoted by the keyword {abstract}
beside the operation declaration.
Depicting an Abstract Class
 Java Code for Abstract Class
public abstract class Parliamentarian {
abstract public void calculateRemuneration();
}
 public class LokSabhaMember extends Parliamentarian {
public void calculateRemuneration(){
//code to be included here
}
}
 public class RajyaSabhaMember extends Parliamentarian {
public void calculateRemuneration(){
//code to be included here
}
}
 Subclass Partitioning
• Depicts the manner in which a class is partitioned into
subclasses. 4 types:

• Complete: A type of subclass partitioning in which the mentioned

subclasses are the only subclasses of the superclass. No other
class is allowed to inherit from the superclass.

• Disjoint: A type of subclass partitioning in which no class can

inherit from more than one subclass of the superclass.
Subclass Partitioning contd..
 Subclass Partitioning contd..
• Incomplete: A type of subclass partitioning in which the
mentioned subclasses are not the only subclasses of the
superclass.
• It does not mean that the modeler intends to add them
later.
• It only means that they are not relevant to the model.
Subclass Partitioning contd..
 Subclass Partitioning contd..
• Overlapping: A type of subclass partitioning in which a class can
inherit from more than one subclass of the superclass.An
Omnivore can inherit from both a Herbivore and a Carnivore.
 Generalization Set
• A set depicting the basis of partitioning of a superclass into
subclasses. A superclass can be partitioned into subclasses
based on different generalization sets at the same time.
 Interface

• An Interface contains only method signatures.

• They do not specify any implementation neither
they are allowed to have any attributes.
• Represented by a rectangle having two
compartments.
• Convention is to write <<interface>> and its
name on the next line of the first compartment.
• The second compartment consists of the method
names and signatures of the interface
Depicting an Interface
 Interface Realization
• A class must implement all methods in the interface.
Interface Realization (Compact
Notation)
Java Code for Interface Realization

public interface Iname {

public void add(int a,int b);
public void subtract(int a,int b);
}
 public class Interdemo implements Iname {
public void add(int a,int b){
//code to be written here
}
public void subtract(int a,int b){
//code to be written here
}
}
 Package

• A Package is used to group elements into a unit and to give

a name to the unit.
• It can never be instantiated.
• All the elements that are owned or referenced by a package
are called its contents.
• The removal of a package results in the automatic removal
of all its contents.
• The contents of a package can include other packages,
interfaces, components, nodes etc.
Package Notations
 Packages and Classes
• Suppose there are two packages P1 and P2. Both of them
can have the same class A and these classes are
distinguished by their path-names. So P1::A and P2::A are
distinct.
• Suppose a package P3 contains a class "A". If P3 is nested
within another package P2 and P2 is nested within a
package P1, then the complete name for class "A" is
P1::P2::P3::A

• Avoid more than three levels of nesting

Graphical Display of Owned
Elements
Package P2 extends Package P1
 The import dependency
• Consider two packages P1 and P2 with the elements A and B
respectively.
• Suppose P1 imports P2.
• It means that the public elements of P2 are visible to the
elements of P1.
• Consider the figure: Class A can now access class D but not vice-
versa.
 The access dependency
• Specifies that the public elements of the target package are
visible to the elements of the source package with one
fundamental difference with import dependency.

• The import dependency adds the contents of the target

package to the source package's namespace and so their
names don’t have to be qualified. However this makes the
elements susceptible to clashes.
 Clash of names if import
dependency is used

• E.g. There will be a clash of names

here because P2::A will be added to
P1.
Depicting the access dependency
• The <<access>> stereotype does not add the contents of
the target to the source package
 The access dependency
• There will not be any clash of names here because P2::A
would not be added to P1. Package P2's class A will be
referred to as P2::A.

• Qualification of names is mandatory.

• The public parts of a package are called its exports.

• Import and Access dependencies are not transitive.

 Guidelines to group classes into a
package
• Classes belonging to the same inheritance hierarchy.

• Classes among which composition relationship is present.

• Classes that collaborate a lot of information among
themselves as indicated by interaction diagrams.
 Dependency
• One class A depends on another class B if changes to B will
cause changes to A. Suppose a class A in Package X depends on
class B in package Y, then we can safely say that "Package X is
dependent in Package Y". While designing it is important to
minimize dependencies between packages.
• E.g. the dependency of package X on package Y
 
 Parameterized Classes
• Used to create a family of classes.

• E.g. Suppose there is a parameterized class for an Array.

An array of integers, floating-point numbers, characters etc
can be created from it.

• Consider a class named ArrayType. Suppose there are two

methods within the class i.e. insert() which takes an
element and inserts it in the array and delete() which takes
an element from the user, checks to see if it is in the array
and then deletes it if it is present.
 Parameterized Classes contd..
 class ArrayType <E>{
void insert( E anElement);
void delete(E anElement);
}

• Possible to have ArrayType <intI> IntegerSet or ArrayType

<doubleD> DoubleSet.
 
• When a generic class is used, intI and doubleD are called as
bound elements.
 
Depiction of a Parameterized class
Depiction of Bound Elements
Depiction of Bound Elements