Routing

Institute of IT
University of Peshawar
Routing

 How do packets get from A to B in the

Internet?

Internet
A B

By Zeeshan Banagash 2
Connectionless Forwarding

 Each router (switch) makes a LOCAL

decision to forward the packet towards B
R1 R4

R7

R6

R2

A B
R8

R3
R5

By Zeeshan Banagash 3
Connectionless Forwarding

 This is termed destination-based

connectionless forwarding
 How does each router know
 the correct local forwarding decision for any possible destination
address?

Knowledge of the topology state of the network

AND
knowledge is maintained by a routing protocol

By Zeeshan Banagash 4
Routing Protocols

 Distribute the knowledge of the current

topology state of the network to all
routers
 This knowledge is used by each router to
generate a forwarding table, which
contains the local switching decision
for each known destination address

By Zeeshan Banagash 5
Routing Protocols
 Management of quality network Services requires:

accuracy of the routing information

 dynamic adjustment of the routing information

 matching …aggregate traffic flow to network

capacity

By Zeeshan Banagash 6
ISP Routing Tasks

 customers
 internal
 peer / upstream
Exterior routing

Interior routing

Customer routing

By Zeeshan Banagash 7
Interior Routing

 Discovers the topology of a network

through the operation of a distributed
routing protocol

By Zeeshan Banagash 8
Path Selection
R1 R4
5
R7
40
45
5
5
6
10 R6

20
R2

A 10 15
B
R8

4 10

R3
R5 10
5

Minimum cost from A to B is 39 units

By Zeeshan Banagash 9
Dynamic Path Adjustment

R1 R4
5
R7
40
45
5
5
6
10 R6

20
R2

A 10 15
B
R8

R3
R5 10
5

If R5 – R7 breaks, minimum cost path from A to B is

Now 46 units By Zeeshan Banagash 10
Interior Routing Protocols

 Describe the current network topology

 Routing protocols distribute how to reach

address prefix groups where
 Routing protocols function through either
• Distributed computing model (distance vector)
• Parallel computing model (link state)

By Zeeshan Banagash 11
Routing Protocols

 Distance Vector Routing Protocols

 Each node sends its routing table (dest,
distance) to all neighbors every 30 seconds

 Lower distances are updated with the

neighbor as next hop

cannot scale
cannot resolve routing loops
quickly
RIP
By Zeeshan Banagash is the main 12
Routing Protocols

 Link State Routing Protocols

 Each link, the connected nodes and the metric is flooded
to all routers
 Each link up/down status change is incrementally
flooded
 Each router re-computes the routing table in parallel
using the common link state database

 OSPF is the main protocol in use today

By Zeeshan Banagash 13
Interior and Exterior
Routing Protocols

Interior
Interior Route AS1221
Route AS1 Space
Space

Interior
Route AS3561
Exterior Routing Space Space

Interior
Route AS2402
Space
Interior
Route AS701
Space

By Zeeshan Banagash 14
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

A simple scenario of two host and one

router where HOST A pings Host’s B IP
Address
By Zeeshan Banagash 15
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 01: ICMP creates an ECHO Message Payload

STEP 02: ICMP hands over the payload to Internet Protocol for creating a
packet…(source ,destin address and protocol field …) that tell the host to
whom it should hand the payload when the destination is reached

By Zeeshan Banagash 16
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 03: After packet creation IP works with ARP to determine whether
the destination IP host is on the same network or other (Remote in this case)

STEP 04: Since result of step 03 is ‘remote host’, the packet is send to the
default gateway… The registry in the Windows is parsed to find the
configured default gateway….
By Zeeshan Banagash 17
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 05: The default gateway of host A(172.16.10.2) is configured to 172.16.10.1

but to send this packet ……HARDWARE Address of router Ethernet 0 is to be
known so that the packet can be handed over to Data Link Layer

STEP 06: So address Step 05, ARP cache is checked to see if the IP
address of the default gateway is resolved to hardware address
By Zeeshan Banagash 18
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 06 (a): if have … packet is send to Data link for framing…

STEP 06(b): if not…… ARP broadcast of Local network for h/w address
of 172.16.10.1. The router responds … and the host caches the address.
The router also caches the h/w address of Host A in ARP Cache
By Zeeshan Banagash 19
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 7: At DLink Layer ,… LAN driver is used to provide media access… A FRAM
is generated

STEP 8: Once frame is completed …. Handed over to physical layer to be

put on the physical medium…
By Zeeshan Banagash 20
The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 9: Bits received by every device in the network and builds the frame and
build CRC to check answer in the FCS.. If crc matched then H/w destination
address is checked to see if it is matched and if so…. Then ethernet type field is
checked to find the protocol used

STEP 10: Packet is pulled from the frame and frame is discarded
By Zeeshan Banagash 21
 The Routing Process
(NOT A Simple Process)

HOST B
HOST A 172.16.20.2
172.16.10.2

Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1
172.16.10.1 172.16.20.1

STEP 11: IP receives …check IP address since doesn’t match… router looks
For the destination network address in its routing table

STEP 12:if no entry of the network in the routing table… an ICMP message
to HOST A with message of ‘destination Network not available’
By Zeeshan Banagash 22