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ANALYSIS OF DATA - Test of Differences

The document discusses different types of t-tests used for hypothesis testing including independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and one sample t-test. It provides examples and steps to conduct t-tests in SPSS. The key points covered are: 1) Independent samples t-test is used to compare the means of two independent groups and evaluates differences between populations. 2) Paired samples t-test compares the means of the same group under two different conditions and uses differences within subjects. 3) One sample t-test compares the mean of a sample to a known population mean. 4) The four steps for hypothesis testing using a t-test are defining the null and

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Saurabh Chandra
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68 views

ANALYSIS OF DATA - Test of Differences

The document discusses different types of t-tests used for hypothesis testing including independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and one sample t-test. It provides examples and steps to conduct t-tests in SPSS. The key points covered are: 1) Independent samples t-test is used to compare the means of two independent groups and evaluates differences between populations. 2) Paired samples t-test compares the means of the same group under two different conditions and uses differences within subjects. 3) One sample t-test compares the mean of a sample to a known population mean. 4) The four steps for hypothesis testing using a t-test are defining the null and

Uploaded by

Saurabh Chandra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYSIS OF DATA

Test of Differences
STEPS INVOLVED IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Formulate H0 and H1

Select Appropriate Test


Choose Level of Significance

Collect Data and Calculate Test Statistic

Determine Probability Determine Critical Value of


Associated with Test Test Statistic TSCR
Statistic
Determine if TSCR falls
Compare with Level of
into (Non) Rejection Region
Significance, 

Reject or Do not Reject H0

Draw Marketing Research Conclusion


T TEST
 The t-test assumes:
 A normal distribution (parametric data)
 Underlying variances are equal (if not, use Welch's test)

 It is used when there is random assignment and only two


sets of measurement to compare.
 There are three main types of t-test:
 Independent-measures t-test: when samples are not matched.
 Matched-pair t-test: When samples appear in pairs (eg. before-and-

after).
 A single-sample t-test compares a sample against a known figure.
ONE SAMPLE T TEST
 Tests the null hypothesis that the population mean based on our sample data is not
really different from some value specified for the population mean

 This test is used to compare a list of values to a set standard.


 Tests the difference between a sample mean and a known or hypothesized value
 Allows you to specify the level of confidence for the difference
 Produces a table of descriptive statistics for each test variable
EXAMPLE
 Is the average age of the population significantly different from 35?
 Is the average income of population significantly greater than 25,000 per
month?

 Does the awareness of Nike exceed 3.0? _Data

 Raju restaurant near the railway station at Jais has been having average
sales of 500 tea cups per day. Because of the development of bus stand
nearby, it expects to increase its sales. After start of the bus during the first
12 days, the average sales were 548 tea cups per day and standard deviation
was 46.68. On the basis of this information can we conclude that Raju
restaurant sales have increased? Test at 5% significance level.
Calculation_Data
T-TEST INDEPENDENT SAMPLE

 The two sets of data come from two independent populations (e.g.
women and men, or students from section A and from section B)

 To evaluate the mean difference between two populations (or between


two treatment conditions).

 Means and variability from two samples.

 t-test is used
 when population means & variability are unknown
 When groups are small

 Post test only control group design


EG : R X 01
CG : R 02
EXAMPLE
 Sample of sales in similar shops in two towns are taken
for a new product with the following results:

Town Mean Sales Variance Size of Sample

A 57 5.3 5
B 61 4.8 7
Is there any evidence of differences in sales in the two
towns? Use 5 percent level of significance for testing
this difference between the means of two sample.
FOUR STEPS OF HYPOTHESIS TEST-
USING T- TEST
 Step 1: Define Null & Alternate Hyp.

There is no difference between the sales of two town (H0)

H0: 1 = 2

H1: 1  2

 Step 2: Locate the Critical Region (choose level of significance)

• Define a range of values of t to reject the null hypothesis

• IN SPSS: define the value of p (reported as “sig”) that will lead to


rejecting null hypothesis

Reject H0 if |tcal| > Critical Value of t


Reject H0 if p (or “sig”) < Alpha level
STEP 3: COMPUTE T-STATISTICS
Independent samples t
X1  X 2
t
with dfs nX 11 +n
 X 22
-2

`X 1 = mean for Group 1

X 2 = mean for Group 2


s X1  X 2 = the pooled or combined standard error of difference between means

 n1 1S12  (n2 1)S22 )  1 1


SX1X2  
 
 n  

 n1  n 2  2  1 n2 

S12 = the variance of Group 1


S22 = the variance of Group 2
n1 = the sample size of Group 1
n2 = the sample size of Group 2
Town A as Sample 1 Town B as Sample 2

n1 = 5 n2 = 7
X1 X = 61
= 57 2

S21 = 5.3 S22 = 4.8

X1  X 2
t df = n1+ n2 -2 = 10
s X1  X 2

t = -3.05 with 10 degrees of freedom


For alpha = .01, critical value of t is 3.169
For alpha = .05. critical value of t is 2.228
Step 4: Compare the calculated value to critical value
Our tcal is extreme than tcrical, (tcalculated> tcritical) at .05 level so we reject the null
hypothesis of no difference
Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the sales of two towns
EXAMPLE
 Do the male females differ in the awareness of NIKE?
The attitude toward NIKE and their loyalty for Nike?
T – TEST IN SPSS
 t-Test: Analyze→Compare Means →
Independent Samples t-Test
PAIRED SAMPLE
 The two sets of data come from related populations (e.g.
“before treatment” and “after treatment”)
 Two paired samples: Within-Subject Designs

 One group pretest-posttest experimental design

 Paired difference variable D,

 Its mean and variance calculated.

 The degrees of freedom are n - 1, where n is the number


of matched pairs
PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST

With (n-1) df

Dbar = Mean of Differences


SD = Standard Deviation of Differences
n = number of matched pairs
EXAMPLE – PAIRED SAMPLE T-
TEST_DATA_CALCULATION
 The sales of six shops before and after introducing the promotion
campaign were taken. Can the promotional campaign be judged to
be a success. Test at 5 percent level of significance.

Shops

Promotional A B C D E F
Campaign

Before 53 28 31 48 50 42
After 58 29 30 55 56 45
SPSS EXAMPLE
 Do the respondent in the pretest have higher awareness
level than loyalty?

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