Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to AI

Samprit T. Patel
([email protected])
Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

Walchand Institute of Technology,
Solapur.
www.witsolapur.org
Course Outcomes
- At the end of this course, students will be able to…
• Formulate and solve sequence of actions for an agent as a search problem.
• Infer from represented knowledge using logical and probabilistic reasoning
methods
• Solve agent decision problems using probability theory
• Comprehend forms of learning and demonstrate their working.

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Introduction
• Attempts to understand intelligent entities.
• AI addresses one of the ultimate puzzles.

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Areas of AI and Some Dependencies
Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Planning
Learning

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Making computers that think ?
• The automation of activities we associate with human thinking, like decision
making, learning ... ?
• The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people ?
• The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models ?

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and
act ?
• A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in
terms of computational processes ?
• A branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behaviour ?
• Anything in Computing Science that we don't yet know how to do properly ?
(!)

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Definition
The exciting new effort to make computers "The study of mental faculties through the use
think . . . machines with minds, in the full and of computational models“ (Charniak and
literal sense“ (Haugeland, 1985) McDermott, 1985)
"[The automation of] activities that we "The study of the computations that make it
associate with human thinking, activities such possible to perceive, reason, and act“ (Winston,
as decision-making, problem solving, 1992)
learning ..."(Bellman, 1978)

"The art of creating machines that perform "A field of study that seeks to explain and
functions that require intelligence when emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
performed by people" (Kurzweil, 1990) computational processes" (Schalkoff, 1 990)
"The study of how to make computers do "The branch of computer science that is
things at which, at the moment, people are concerned with the automation of intelligent
better" (Rich and Knight, 1 99 1 ) behavior" (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Thought Systems that think like Human Systems that think rationally

Behaviour System that act like Humans Systems that act rationally

Human Rational

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Thought Systems that think like Human Systems that think rationally

Behaviour System that act like Humans Systems that act rationally

Human Rational

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Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modelling Approach

• Understand the actual working of the human mind.

• Hoe do we know how humans think?

• Introspection

• Psychological Experiment

• Cognitive science - brings together computer models from AI and

experimental techniques from psychology.

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Thought Systems that think like Human Systems that think rationally

Behaviour System that act like Humans Systems that act rationally

Human Rational

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Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach
• The Turing Test
• A human questioner cannot tell if – there is a computer or a human answering his question via
remote communication
• The computer must behave intelligently.

• Intelligent behaviour
• The cognitive tasks include:
• Natural language processing – for communication with humans
• Knowledge representation – to store information effectively & efficiently.
• Automated reasoning – to retrieve & answer question using the stored info.
• Machine learning – to adapt to new circumstances.
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Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach
• The Total Turing Test

• Avoiding direct physical

• To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will need

• Computer Vision

• Robotics

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Thought Systems that think like Human Systems that think rationally

Behaviour System that act like Humans Systems that act rationally

Human Rational

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Thinking Rationally: The laws of Thought Process

• Syllogisms - Provided patterns for argument structures that always gave

correct conclusions given correct premises

• Logic

• Logicist

• Two main Obstacles in this approach:

• Not easy to take informal knowledge

• Difference between being able to solve a problem and doing so in practice

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Thought Systems that think like Human Systems that think rationally

Behaviour System that act like Humans Systems that act rationally

Human Rational

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Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

• Rational Behaviour: doing the right thing

• The Right Thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement,

given the available info.

• Don’t care whether a system –

• Replicates human thought process
• Makes the same decision as humans.
• Uses purely logical reasoning.
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Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

• Logic - only part of a rational agent, Not all of rationality.

• Sometimes Logic cannot reason a correct conclusion.
• Sometime specific human knowledge or info is used.

• It covers more generally different situations of problem

• Compensates the incorrectly reasoned conclusion.

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Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

• Studying AI as a rational agent –

2 advantages
• It is more general than using logic only: LOGIC + DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE

• Allows extension of approach with more scientific methodologies.

• Understanding Rational Agents

• An agent is an entity that perceive and act
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to action.

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Goal of Artificial Intelligence
• To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or
tedious tasks from human.

• Understand principles of human intelligence.

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Concluding Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial - Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating naturally.

• Intelligence - is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it" [Pigford and Baur]

• So AI was defined as:

• AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent.
• AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer
systems that exhibit human intelligence(From the Concise Oxford
Dictionary)

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Concluding Artificial Intelligence
• From the above two definitions, we can see that AI has two major roles:
• Study the intelligent part concerned with humans.
• Represent those actions using computers.

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