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ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode: HAMMAD AHMAD (E07-026), FAHAD SOHAIL (E07-029)

ATM is an International Telecommunication Union standard for high-speed transfer of voice, video, and data through public and private networks. It uses fixed-length cells of 53 bytes to transfer data in a continuous stream through hardware-based cell switching and multiplexing. ATM provides guaranteed quality of service for real-time applications through connection-oriented virtual circuits identified by VPI and VCI numbers. Communication takes place through a hierarchy of transmission paths, virtual paths, and virtual circuits to simplify network architecture and reduce processing delays.

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53 views

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode: HAMMAD AHMAD (E07-026), FAHAD SOHAIL (E07-029)

ATM is an International Telecommunication Union standard for high-speed transfer of voice, video, and data through public and private networks. It uses fixed-length cells of 53 bytes to transfer data in a continuous stream through hardware-based cell switching and multiplexing. ATM provides guaranteed quality of service for real-time applications through connection-oriented virtual circuits identified by VPI and VCI numbers. Communication takes place through a hierarchy of transmission paths, virtual paths, and virtual circuits to simplify network architecture and reduce processing delays.

Uploaded by

ubi57
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

HAMMAD AHMAD [E07-026], FAHAD SOHAIL [E07-029]

ATM 1
Introduction
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Asynchronous Transfer Mode


(ATM) is a technology designed
for the high-speed transfer of
voice, video, and data through
public and private networks.

ATM 2
Introduction
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• ATM is an International
Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (ITU-T) standard.

• Ongoing work on ATM standards is


being done primarily by the ATM
Forum, which was jointly founded
by Cisco Systems, NET/ADAPTIVE,
Northern Telecom, and Sprint in
1991.
ATM 3
Need for ATM
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Different protocols use


different frame sizes
– Inconsistent data-rate
– Data traffic unpredictable
• Inefficiency increased with
increased header size.
• Provision of a unified
approach in network
management
• provision of guaranteed
quality of service
ATM 4
Design Features
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• A cell switching and multiplexing technology, ATM combines


the benefits of circuit switching (constant transmission delay,
guaranteed capacity) with those of packet switching
(flexibility, efficiency for intermittent traffic).

• Packed switched (Virtual circuit switched):


– Accuracy and predictability

ATM 5
Design Features
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Makes use of higher bandwidth


transmission media (Optical fibers), as
compared to earlier protocols (X.25,
which used twisted pair)

• Interfacing capability with existing


system

ATM 6
Design Features
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM uses Asynchronous multiplexing, permitting efficient use of


bandwidth and interleaving of data of varying priority and size.
– Cells reach much more quickly.

• Due to interleaving, any particular link cannot monopolize the


medium.
– None suffers long delay.

ATM 7
Design Features
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Audio/video frames are


smaller in size, ATM exploits
this aspect.
– Small, equal sized cells, 53
bytes each

ATM 8
Design Features
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Continuous stream because of


high speed and small size of
cells.

• Switching and multiplexing by


hardware at cell-level makes
implementation inexpensive
and faster.

ATM 9
Overhead
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• 5 out of 53 bytes reserved for


header.
So, 5/53 = 9.4% overhead

ATM 10
Types of Delays
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Packetization delay at source


• Transmission delay
• Queuing delay at switch
• Fixed processing delay
• De-packetization delay

ATM 11
ATM Architecture
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

UIs

NNI NNI

UNI: User to Network Interface


NNI: Network to Network Interface
ATM 12
ATM Architecture
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM 13
Communication Model
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Communication takes place


between 3 components:
– Transmission path/media
– Virtual Paths
– Virtual Circuits

ATM 14
Communication Model: Hierarchy
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Several VPs in each TP


• Several VCs in each VP

ATM 15
Advantages of Virtual Paths
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Simplified Network Architecture


– Hierarchal manner
• Reduced processing and short connection time

ATM 16
Characteristics of VCCs
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• ATM supports PERMANENT and SWITCHED virtual circuits.

– PERMANENT: Connection provided by Network Provider


– SWITCHED: Uses Internet Protocol (IP) to establish
connection

ATM 17
Characteristics of VCCs
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Virtual connection is identified by a pair of numbers VPI


(Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier)

VPI VCI
UNI 8 16
NNI 12 16

• In UNI-GFC has 4 bits which is used for local functions such as


flow control from endpoint to the ATM Switch

ATM 18
ATM Header
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

GFC in UNI : Used in


User to Network
interfacing

VPI 8 bit in UNI and 12


bit in NNI

PT: User or Management

ATM 19
Switching Fabric
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Ban-yan
• n inputs : log2n stages : n/2 switches at each stage
ATM 20
ATM Layers
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Adaptation layer – AAL


– CS-Convergence sub layer
– SAR-segmentation and reassembly sub layer
• ATM layer
– between network layer and data link layer
• Physical layer
– Transmission convergence sub layer
– PMD (physical medium dependent sub layer)

ATM 21
ATM Layer Uses
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5


ATM
PHYSICAL

• AAL (Application Adaptation Layer)


– Packets form different apps maybe of different sizes. AAL does the mapping
to ATM Cells.
• Mapping: Breaking, Segmentation and Combination
• ATM
– Transmission, Routing, traffic management, switching and multiplexing.
• Physical
– Defines transmission medium, bit-transmission encoding and signal
conversion
– SONET etc ATM 22
ATM Layers
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM 23
ATM Layers
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM 24
Service Categories
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Class Description Applications


CBR Constant bit-rate T1 Circuit
RT-VBR Variable bit-rate (real-time) Real-time video
conferencing
NRT-VBR Variable bit-rate (non-real- Multimedia email
time)
ABR Available bit-rate Browsing the web
UBR Unspecified bit rate Background file transfer

ATM 25
References
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

• Guide to ATM Technology for the Catalyst 8540 MSR, Catalyst


8510 MSR, and LightStream 1010
• Data Communication ands Networking 4th Edition By Behrouz
A. Forouzan
• Video lecture: Lecture 24 – ATM (Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur) at www.youtube.com

ATM 26
THANK YOU!

ATM 27
Questions?
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM 28

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