MICROPROCESSO

R AND
INTERFACING
 MODULE 1:
Introduction to 8086
A microprocessor is a controlling unit of a
micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip
capable of performing Arithmetic Logical Unit
(ALU) operations and communicating with the
other devices connected to it.
What is a microprocessor?
■ Microprocessor (µP) is the “brain” of a computer
that has been implemented on one semiconductor
chip.
■ The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
■ Micro – extremely very small
■ Processor – device that processes numbers,
especially binary numbers(0’s and 1’s)
Basic Microprocessor System
 Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts
digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its
memory, and provides results as output.
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

 Microprocessor only have CPU in the chip like most of the Intel
Processors but Microcontroller also have RAM, ROM and other
peripherals along with the CPU or processor.
 History of microprocessors
4 bit Microprocessor
Year of Number of
Name Clock speed Inst. per sec
Invention transistors

1971 by Ted
INTEL
Hoff and 740 KHz 2300 60,000
4004/4040
Stanley Mazor
8 bit Microprocessor
 16 bit Microprocessor
Number of
Name Year of Invention Clock speed Inst. per sec
transistors

1978 (multiply and divide

instruction, 16 bit data 4.77 MHz, 8
8086 29000 2.5 Million
bus and 20 bit address MHz, 10 MHz
bus)

1979 (cheaper version of

8088 8086 and 8 bit external 2.5 Million
bus)

1982 (80188 cheaper

version of 80186, and
80186/801 addtional components
6 MHz
88 like interuppt controller,
clock generator, local bus
controller,counters)

1982 (data bus 16bit and

80286 8 MHz 134000 4 Million
address bus 24 bit)
 32 bit Microprocessor
Name Year of Invention Clock speed Number of transistors Inst. per sec

1986 (other versions

80386DX, 80386SX,
INTEL 80386 80386SL and data bus 16 MHz – 33 MHz 275000
32 bit address bus 32
bit)

1986 (other versions

INTEL 80486 80486DX, 80486SX, 16 MHz – 100 MHz 1.2 Million transistors 8 KB of cache memory
80486DX2, 80486DX4)

Cache memory 8 bit

PENTIUM 1993 66 MHz for instructions 8 bit
for data
 64 bit Microprocessor
Number of
Name Year of Invention Clock speed Inst. per sec
transistors

2006 (other versions

64 KB of L1 cache
core2 duo, core2 291 Million
INTEL core 2 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz per core 4 MB of L2
quad, core2 transistors
cache
extreme)

2.2GHz – 3.3GHz,
i3, i5, i7 2007, 2009, 2010 2.4GHz – 3.6GHz,
2.93GHz – 3.33GHz
How does a Microprocessor Work?
■ The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and
then Execute.
■ Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a sequential
order.
■ The microprocessor fetches those instructions from the memory,
then decodes it and executes those instructions till STOP
instruction is reached.
■ Later, it sends the result in binary to the output port. Between
these processes, the register stores the temporarily data and ALU
performs the computing functions.
List of Terms Used in a Microprocessor
■ Instruction Set − It is the set of instructions that the
microprocessor can understand.
■ Bandwidth − It is the number of bits processed in a single
instruction.
■ Clock Speed − It determines the number of operations per
second the processor can perform. It is expressed in megahertz
(MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).It is also known as Clock Rate.
■ Word Length − It depends upon the width of internal data bus,
registers, ALU, etc. An 8-bit microprocessor can process 8-bit
data at a time. The word length ranges from 4 bits to 64 bits
depending upon the type of the microcomputer.
■ Data Types − The microprocessor has multiple data type
formats like binary, BCD, ASCII, signed and unsigned numbers.
Features of a Microprocessor
■ Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low
prices and results its low cost.
■ Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is
portable.
■ Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured
by using metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low
power consumption.
■ Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use
the same chip in a number of applications by configuring the
software program.
■ Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very
low, hence it is reliable.
Applications of Microprocessor
■ Calculators
■ Accounting system
■ Games machine
■ Instrumentation
■ Traffic light Control
■ Multi user, multi-function environments
■ Military applications
■ Communication systems
 8086 microprocessor

Source:
https://www.pcworld.com/article/146957/article.html as on 14 July 2020
 Features of 8086 microprocessor
■ 16 bit microprocessor
■ 16 bit data bus {D0-D15}, hence read/write operation – 16 bits at a time
■ 20 bit address bus{A0-A19} – can access upto 220 memory locations (1MB)
■ Supports up to 64KHz I/O ports
■ It provides 14, 16 bit registers
■ Multiplexed address and data buses
■ Fetches up to 6 instructions from memory and queues them to speed up processing
■ Supports minimum and maximum mode of operations
■ It requires single phase clock with 33% duty cycle to provide internal timing.
■ Range of clock:
• 5 MHz for 8086
• 8Mhz for 8086-2
• 10Mhz for 8086-1
■ Briefly explain the Pointers and Index group of registers.
■

- Stack pointer and base pointer are the two pointer registers whereas the Source
index and Destination index are the index group of registers.

- They are primarily used to store relative to segment registers the locations of offset
addresses of memory locations. They serve the purpose of being memory pointers.

- The source index and destination index are also used as general purpose register.
In such cases the SI and DI are implemented as source and destination index
registers.

- In stacks, data areas might exist, to be able to access such data which contains the
BP register.