DEMOGRAPHICS RATES

AND RATIOS
 RATE
It measures the occurrence of some
particular event in a population
during a given period of time. It
indicates the change in some event
that take place in a population over a
period of time like death rate or birth
rate.
 CATEGORIES OF
RATE

• CRUDE • SPECIFIC • STANDARDIZE

RATE RATES D
RATE
 CRUDE BIRTH RATE
It is the number of live births per 1000
estimated midyear population, in a given year.

Total no. of live births in a given year

CBR: ---------------------------------------------- X1000
Estimated midyear population
• Sample Equation
• For example, in 2007, there were 3,250
births in a city with population of 223,000.
Therefore: CBR = (3,250 ÷ 223,000) X
1,000 or CBR = 14.57. So, there were 14.57
births for every 1,000 people in the city.
 DEATH RATE
The simplest measure of mortality is the crude death
rate. It is defined as the number of deaths per 1000
estimated midyear population in one year in a given
place.

No. of deaths during the year in an area

CDR= --------------------------------------------------X 1000
Mid-year population during the same
Year in the same area
Examples:
• 15,231 total deaths in India during
calendar year 2006.
• 2,010,787 = estimated 2006 mid-year
population for’ India
• .(15,231 / 2,010,787) x 1000 = 7.575 resident
deaths per 1000 population in 2006 in New
 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

It represents the average number of

children a woman would have if she is to
pass through her reproductive years
bearing children at the same rates as the
woman now in age group. It is computed
by summing the age specific fertility rates
for all ages if 5 years age groups are used
the sum of the rates is multiplied by 5.
This measure gives the magnitude of
complete family size.
• The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a standard demographic
indicator used internationally to estimate the average number
of children that a woman would have over her childbearing
years (i.e. age 15-49), based on current birth trends.

It is calculated by adding up the average number of births per

woman across five-year age groups (i.e. age-specific fertility
rates, or ASFR). The specific formula to calculate TFR is:
• What this means is that there are only two key components
that affect TFR:
• The number of births for each age group of women (in the
numerator), and
• The number of women in each age group (in the
denominator).
 GENERAL FERTILITY
RATE
• It is the number of births per women of
1000
reproductive ages (15-49 years)
• It uses the number of women of child bearing age in a
population as base for the calculation of birth rate
rather than total population.

• It is obtained by expressing the live births as a rate per

1000 of women of child bearing age taken as either 15-
44 years/ 15-49 years.
 GENERAL FERTILITY
RATE

No. of live births in an area during the year

GFR: --------------------------------------------------x1000
Midyear females population age (15-45) in the
Same Area in the same year
GENERAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE

It is the number of births per 1000 women

married in reproductive age group (15-49
year) in a given year.

No. of live births in a given year

GMFR:-------------------------------------X1000
Midyear married female population
In age group (15-49 years)
 AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY
RATE
As more precise measure of fertility in age specific
fertility rate, defined as the number of live births in
a year to 1000 women in a specified “age group”. It
throws light on fertility pattern.

No. of live births born to a woman in a

particular age group
ASFR: -----------------------------------------------x1000
Midyear female population of same age group
AGE SPECIFIC MARITAL FERTILITY
RATE
It is the number of births per 1000
women married in any specified age group
in a year.

No. of live births in a

particular age group
ASMFR:------------------------------------x1000
Midyear married female population of
same age group
 TOTAL MARITAL FERTILITY
RATE
Average number of children that would be
born to a married woman if she
experiences the current fertility pattern
throughout the reproductive span.
GROSS REPRODUCTIVE
RATE
It is restricted to the number female
children. It of how
shows
potential manywould
future mothers girl be born
babies
to
1000 women passing through their
childbearing years, if the age specific fertility
birth rates of a given year remained constant
and if no women entering the child bearing
period died before reaching menopause.
 NET REPRODUCTIVE
RATE

It is defined as the number of daughters or newborn

girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age
specific and mortality rate. But this method of finding
out rate believes that both fertility and mortality are
stable and will not change. But that in practice not so.
This is very serious defect.
 PREGNANCY RATE
It is ratio of number of pregnancies
including all pregnancies, whether these
had terminated as live births, still births or
abortions or had not yet terminated.
 ABORTION RATE
The number of all types of abortions usually
per 1000 women of child bearing age.

No. of all types of abortions in a year

AR: -----------------------------------------x1000
Women of child bearing age (15-44)
 MARRIAGE RATE
It is the number of marriages in the year per
thousand population. Demographers
consider this as a very unsatisfactory rate
because the denominator is comprised
primarily of population that is not eligible to
marry.
No. of marriages within one year
GMR: -------------------------------------x1000
No. of unmarried persons (15-49 years)
 INFANT MORTALITY RATE

The annual number of deaths of children less

than one year old per 1000 live births in that
area.

No. of deaths of children less

than 1 year of age in a year
IMR = ----------------------------------x1000
No. of live births in the same year
CHILD MORTALITY RATE OR UNDER
-5 MORTALITY RATE
It is defines as an “annual no. of deaths of
children age under 5 years, expressed as a rate
per 1000 live births”.

No. of deaths of children less than 5 year

Of age in a given year
CMR= ------------------------------------X1000
No. of live births in the same year
 UNDER 5 PROPORTIONATE
MORTALITY RATE
It is the proportion of total deaths occurring in the under
5 age group to number of live births & it is expressed as
no. of under five deaths per 1000 live births. This rate
can be used to reflect both infant and child mortality
rates

No. of deaths under five years of Age

in the given year
Under 5 PMR = --------------------------------------------------
X 1000
Total no. of live births in the same year
 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE

•A Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant

•or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
•duration or site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated
•by the pregnancy or its management but not from incidental or
•accidental causes.
•Total no. of female deaths due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth or
within 42 days of delivery From “Puerperal causes” in an area during a given
year
• MMR=--------------------------------------------------------X 100,000
• No. of live births in a same area and Year
DISEASE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE
It is defined as number of deaths due to any specific
disease in a given year, per thousand populations at the
midpoint of the year concerned.

No. of deaths from a specific

disease in the given year
Disease-Specific MR=-------------------------------X
1000
Mid-year population
 GROWTH
RATE
It is the average annual
percent change in the
population, resulting from a
surplus of births over deaths
and the balance of migrants
or in simple words it is the
measure of how in an area
the population is increasing.
 RATIO
It expresses the relation in size between two
random quantities. A ratio is a relationship
between two numbers indicating how
many times the first number contains the
second. It expresses in the form of x:y. For
example, if a bowl of fruit contains eight
oranges and six lemons, then the ratio of
oranges to lemons is eight to six ( that is,
8:6, which is equivalent to the ratio 4:3).
 SEX
RATIO
It is defined as the number of females per 1000 males.
One of the basic demographic characteristics of the
population is the sex composition. In any study of
population analysis of the sex composition plays a vital
role. The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to
women i.e. the number of women per 1000 has been less
than 1000.
 DEPENDENCY
RATIO

The person above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age
are considered to be dependent upon the economically productive age
group 15-65 years. The ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus
65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the
total. It can be subdivided as:

• Young Dependency Ratio (0-14 years)

• Old Dependency Ratio (65 years and above)

 ABORTION
RATIO
This is calculated by
dividing the number of
abortions performed
during the particular time
period.
• Abortion ratio = number
of all type of
abortion/no. Of live
births

• World abortion ratio=

32:100 live births-this
means for every 100
live births in the world
there are 32 abortion.
CHILD- WOMAN
RATIO
It is the number of children 0-4 years of age
per 1000 women of child bearing age usually
defined as 15-44/ 15-49 years of age. This is
not an accurate measure of fertility, it is
more like a measure of population structure.
 Child/women ratio =
living children aged 0-4
years/ women of child
bearing age (15-44 years)
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC
RATES AND RATIOS
 Political

 Economic

 Planning

 Social

 Advantage to administrators

 Essential for checking regional imbalances