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Introduction of Statistics: Organizing

This document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions, uses, and key concepts. It defines statistics as procedures for collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to obtain conclusions. Statistics are important tools for decision-makers. The document outlines descriptive and inferential statistics, and discusses population and sample, variables, sampling methods, data collection methods, and some key statistical terms.

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Muhd Aliff
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Introduction of Statistics: Organizing

This document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions, uses, and key concepts. It defines statistics as procedures for collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to obtain conclusions. Statistics are important tools for decision-makers. The document outlines descriptive and inferential statistics, and discusses population and sample, variables, sampling methods, data collection methods, and some key statistical terms.

Uploaded by

Muhd Aliff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION OF STATISTICS

 
DEFINITION:

 Statistic represent scientific procedures and methods for collecting ,


organizing , summarizing , presenting and analysing data , as well as
obtaining useful information, drawing valid conclusion and making
effective decisions based on the analysis.

USES OF STATISTICS:
Important tools for all managers and decision-makers in government and
private firm.
Executive who involve in marketing , accounting and financial planning ,
advertising ,hospital administration , research and development and others
must have knowledge of statistics in order to utilize the available data to
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organisation.
TYPES OF STATISTICS:
• Descriptives of statistics
• Data are compiled , organized , summarized and presented in suitable visual forms
which are easy to understand and suitable for use.
• Various tables , graphs , charts and diagrams are used to exibits the information
obtained from the data.
• (Histogram, Polygon, Ogive, Pie chart, Bar Chart, Scatter Diagram etc)

• Inferential of statistics
• Generalisation about a population by analyzing the sample. If the sample is a good
representation of the population , accurate conclusions about the population can be
inferred from the analysis of this sample.
 
KNOW THE STATISTICAL TERMS
• POPULATION AND SAMPLE
• The collection of all the elements whose characteristics are being studied.
• The selection of a few elements from the population.

• STATISTICS AND PARAMETER


• A summary measure such as mean , median , mode or standard deviation computed from
sample data .
• A summary measure for the entire population.

• CENCUS
• Measure variable for every unit in the population.
SAMPLE SURVEY
Involves a subgroup (sample) of a population being chosen and questioned one
set of topics.
 
PILOT TEST
Study done before the actual fieldwork is carried out. The aim is to identify
possible problems and difficulties that the researcher may encounter when the
actual studied is being carried out.
 
DATA
Measure on variable of interest from a sample.
 
PRIMARY DATA
Researchers collect primary data from primary source of from sample.
 
SECONDARY DATA
• .
Published data collected by other parties.
 
VARIABLE

A measure characteristic of the population that the researcher want to study. Data
can be divided into

Quantitative or Numerical Qualitative or Attributes


 Measured on numerical scale  Measured on non-numerical
Yield numerical response scale Yield categorical response
 Discrete  
 Numerical response which arises
from a counting process
 Continuous
 Numerical response which arises
from a measuring proses
 
SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS

A. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Convenience sampling  recommended for pre-testing questionnaires , gathering , ideas


and insights or forming.

• Judgemental sampling  the element are selected bases on the researches.

• Snowball  initial random group of respondents is selected. After being interviewed , these
respondents are asked to identify others who belong to the target population of interest. The
same procedure is applied until the researcher obtains the required number of respondents.

• Quota sampling  the researcher observes the specific characteristic of potential


respondents before making the selection.
 
B. PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

• Random sampling  the sample results from randomly choosing the sample items one at
a time from the population so that each item has same chance of being selected.
• Systematic sampling  the element chosen from the population are elements [eg:(r +k) ,
(r+2k)….and so on until a sample size of n is obtain. The value r is the initially selected first
number and k is a ratio of population size of the sample size reduced to a whole number.

• Cluster sampling  the population is divided the population into internally heterogeneous
subgroups of elements where some subgroup are randomly selected for study. All or some
members in these group are included in the sample. Several stages of sampling are used in
this method to reduce time and cost.

• Stratified sampling divide the population into mutually exclusive subpopulation and
then randomly sample from each of these data.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS

• Face to face interview -an interview asks the questions , normally from a questionnaire and
record the responses. It is also know as personal interview.

• Telephone interview- an interview asks the questions from a prepared questionnaire and
normally these interviews are short in duration.

• Direct questionnaire- the researcher greets respondents and explains briefly his intention
before giving out the questionnaires to be filled.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
• Mail(or postal)- Is sent to each respondents with a stamped addressed envelope attached.
The respondents requested to answer the question in the questionnaire and to return it to the
researcher within a certain period of time.

• Direct observation- Is used in work, studies and organization. It is also used by social
scientist to learn the customs and habits of people or communities.

• Internet survey- A survey that is conducted via the Internet.

• Short messaging service- Short Message Service (SMS) is a mobile data service that
always alphanumeric messaging between mobile phones and other equipment such as voice
mail system and email.

THANKS

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