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Delivered by Joel Anandraj.E Ap/It

This document summarizes the key aspects of layered tasks and the OSI model. It explains that a task can be broken down into several subtasks that are performed by separate software layers. It then describes the 7 layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer, with the physical layer dealing with physical connections, the data link layer providing error-free transmission between nodes, the network layer handling routing of packets from source to destination, the transport layer ensuring complete and ordered delivery of messages between processes, and the upper layers (session, presentation, application) focusing on interoperability and providing user services.

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25 views

Delivered by Joel Anandraj.E Ap/It

This document summarizes the key aspects of layered tasks and the OSI model. It explains that a task can be broken down into several subtasks that are performed by separate software layers. It then describes the 7 layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer, with the physical layer dealing with physical connections, the data link layer providing error-free transmission between nodes, the network layer handling routing of packets from source to destination, the transport layer ensuring complete and ordered delivery of messages between processes, and the upper layers (session, presentation, application) focusing on interoperability and providing user services.

Uploaded by

joelanandraj
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 45

LECTURE 3


Delivered by
Joel Anandraj.E
AP/IT
LAYERED TASKS

 A task can be broken down into several task and
each task can be performed by a separate s/w.

 A task goes through a hierarchy of software layers


where each could perform some updation to the task.
 Consider the process of sending a letter to a friend



Analysis

 There are three different activities at the sender site and


another three activities at the receiver site.

 The task of transporting the letter between the sender


and the receiver is done by the carrier

 The tasks must be done in the order given in the


hierarchy.

 Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the
layer immediately below it.

 This kind of approach we call it as protocol layering.

“Protocol layering is a common technique to simplify


networking designs by dividing them into functional
layers, and assigning protocols to perform each layer's
task.”
THE OSI MODEL

 OSI network model is an ISO standard that covers all
aspects of network communications.

 Introduced in 1970.

 An open system is a set of protocols that allows any


two different systems to communicate regardless of
their underlying architecture.

 OSI model facilitate communication between
different systems without requiring changes to the
logic of the underlying hardware and software

 The OSI model is a layered framework for the design


of network systems.
Layered Architecture

 OSI model consists of seven separate but related
layers :

 Each layer defines a family of functions distinct from
those of the other layers.

 By localizing functionality the Architecture is both


comprehensive and flexible.

 Each layer provides services to the one below it and


uses services from the layers above.

Peer to Peer Process:

 The processes on each machine that communicate at


a given layer are called peer-to-peer processes.

 Communication between machines is therefore a


peer-to-peer process using the protocols appropriate
to a given layer.

 Peer-to-Peer Processes

Interfaces Between Layers

 An interface between each pair of adjacent layers


allows the data to be passed through the layers.

 Each interface defines the information and services a


layer must provide for the layer above it.
Organization of the Layers:

 Seven layers can be categorized into three subgroup.

 Layer 1,2, and 3 - Network support layers


 Deals with the physical aspects of moving data.

 Layers 5, 6, and 7 –User support layers


 Allows Interoperability

 Layer 4 – Transport Layer


 Links the two sub groups and ensures data compatability.


Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is the process of enclosing one type of
packet using another type of packet.

 A packet (header and data) at level 7 is encapsulated


in a packet at level 6.

 The data portion of a packet at level N - 1 carries the


whole packet from level N.
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL


The Physical Layer

 This layer includes the physical equipment involved


in the data transfer, such as the cables and switches.

 Here data gets converted into a bit stream.



 The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

The physical layer is also concerned with the following:
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
 Representation of bits.
 Data rate.
 Synchronization of bits.
 Line configuration
 Physical topology.
 Transmission mode.

Data Link Layer
 The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a
raw transmission facility, to a reliable link.

 It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the


upper layer.

 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames
from one hop (node) to the next.

Other responsibilities of the data link layer include the
following :
 Framing
 Physical addressing.
 Flow control.
 Error control.
 Access control.

 Illustration of hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery by
the data link layer.

Network Layer:
 The network layer is responsible for the source-to-
destination delivery of a packet.

 The network layer ensures that each packet gets from


its point of origin to its final destination.

 If two systems are connected to the same link, there
is usually no need for a network layer.

 if the two systems are attached to different networks


then network layer is needed to accomplish source-
to-destination delivery.

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
individual packets from the source host to the
destination host.

Other responsibilities of the network layer include the
following:
 Logical addressing
 Routing


Transport Layer:
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message.

 A process is an application program running on a host.

 The transport layer ensures that the whole message


arrives intact and in order.

 It also oversees both error control and flow control at the


source-to-destination level.

 The relationship of the transport layer to the network
and session layers.

Other responsibilities of the transport layer include the
following:
 Service-point addressing.
 Segmentation and reassembly.
 Connection control.
 Flow control.
 Error control.

 Process-to-Process delivery by the transport layer.

“The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a
message from one process to another.”

Session Layer

 The session layer is the network dialog controller.

 It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the


interaction among communicating systems.

 The relationship of the session layer to the transport
and presentation layers.

Specific responsibilities of the session layer include the
following:

 Dialog control
 Synchronization.

Presentation Layer

 This layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics


of the information exchanged between two systems.

 It prepares data so that it can be used by the


application layer

The relationship between the presentation layer and the
application and session layers.

Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer
include the following:
 Translation.
 Encryption.
 Compression.

“The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.”

Application Layer

 The application layer enables the user to access the


network.

 It provides user interfaces and support for services


such as electronic mail, remote file access etc.,

 The relationship of the application layer to the user
and the presentation layer.

Specific services provided by the application layer
include the following:
 Network virtual terminal.
 File transfer, access, and management.
 Mail services.
 Directory services.

“The application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user.”

Summary of Layers

Thank you

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