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Engineering Surveying Unit - 5

The document discusses different methods of tacheometric surveying, including the fixed hair method, movable hair (subtense bar) method, and tangential method. It provides details on using the fixed hair method when the line of sight is horizontal or inclined and the staff is held vertically or normally. Examples are given for calculating horizontal distance, elevation, and difference in level between stations using tacheometer readings and constants.

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Sumit Kumar Sinha
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240 views23 pages

Engineering Surveying Unit - 5

The document discusses different methods of tacheometric surveying, including the fixed hair method, movable hair (subtense bar) method, and tangential method. It provides details on using the fixed hair method when the line of sight is horizontal or inclined and the staff is held vertically or normally. Examples are given for calculating horizontal distance, elevation, and difference in level between stations using tacheometer readings and constants.

Uploaded by

Sumit Kumar Sinha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGINEERING SURVEYING

UNIT – 5

Tachometric Surveying
Methods of Tacheometry
•The various systems of tacheometric survey may be
classified as follows:
1. The Stadia System

(a) Fixed Hair method or Stadia Method

(b) Movable hair method or Subtense bar


method

2. The tangential System


Methods of Tacheometric Surveying
A. Fixed hair Method
• In fixed hair method, the two hairs are equidistant from the central
hairs and the distance between them is fixed.
• These hairs intercept a certain length of staff known as staff
intercept)
• The staff intercept varies directly with distance between the
instrument and the staff station.
• The horizontal distance, D between the staff station & the
instrument station is computed from the staff intercept.
A. Fixed hair Method
• There are three cases:
– (i) Line of sight is horizontal and staff is held vertical
– (ii) Line of sight is Inclined and staff is held vertical
– (iii) Line of sight is inclined and staff is held normal

Line of sight is horizontal Line of sight is Inclined


A. Fixed hair Method
A. Fixed Hair Method
Question 1:
•A tachometer is set up at A and readings corresponding to three hairs on
staff held vaerticall at B were 2.255, 2.605, and 2.955. The line of sight
was inclined at +80 24’.
•Another readings were taken with staff held vertically at BM with RL as
418.685 m. The readings were: 1.640, 1.920 and 2.200. The line of sight
was inclined at +10 6’.
•The constants of the instrument are 100 and 0.3
•Compute
a. The distance between A & B
b. RL of A and B.
c. Difference in level between
A&B
A. Fixed Hair Method
A. Fixed Hair Method
A. Fixed Hair Method
Case 2: Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Vertical:
Case I: Angle of Elevation
•We consider a tacheometer (having constants k & C), temporarily
adjusted on a station, say T. The instrument is focused on the staff held
vertically, say at P.
•Thus, it is required to find the horizontal distance D = T 1P1  and the
difference in elevation between T & P, i.e. distance PP1.
Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Vertical
Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Vertical
To determine V, we have

Or V = D tan (θ)

Thus, R L of the staff station, P = R L of the instrument axis + V - h


where,
h = Staff reading corresponding to the middle hair.
Note:
In this expression, signs of V and h may be noted

The signs of various terms in D, V and R.L. of staff station may be noted
Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Vertical
Case II: Angle of Depression
3. Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Normal
Case I: Angle of Elevation

Q
V
A

P
Q

R L of the staff station, P = RL of instrument axis + V – h Cos θ


Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Normal
Case II: Angle of Depression

R L of the staff station, P = RL of instrument axis - V – h Cos θ


Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Normal
Question 1:
•A tachometer is set up at C and the following readings were taken at BM
and a staff held vertically at D.
•The constants of the instrument are 100 and 0.15

•Compute
a. The distance CD
b. RL of D
Fixed Hair Method
Solution:
•When the staff is held vatical, the horizontal & vertical distances are

•K = f/I = 100, C = (f + d) = 0.15


Inclined Line of Sight & Staff held Normal

• Horizontal distances obtained tacheometrically are usually corrected


for refraction and curvature corrections.
Thank
You
Fixed Hair Method
MCQ Question
A tacheometer is setup at A and the readings on the staff at B
are 1.77m, 2.12m, 2.34m and the inclination of line of sight is
+ 10 9ꞌ. The vertical distance between A and B assuming
k = 100 and c = 0.3 is
a) 1.51 m
b) 2.51 m
c) 2.15 m
d) 1.15 m
Fixed Hair Method
• This method is almost same as the stadia method except that
the stadia interval (distance between two stadia hairs) is
variable.

• A suitable arrangement is made to vary the distance between


the stadia hair.

• The horizontal distance from the instrument to the staff can


be determine from the value of stadia variable interval.

• Thus, in this case, the staff intercept, i.e., the distance


between the two targets is kept fixed while the stadia
interval, i.e., the distance between the stadia hair is variable.

• The method is not commonly used but now rarely used.


Fixed Hair Method
MCQ Question
A tacheometer is setup at a station P and the readings on the staff at Q are
1.0 m, 2.0 m, 3m and the inclination of line of sight is - 5°. The horizontal
distance between P and Q, assuming k = 100 and c = 0 will be
(A) 198.480 m.
(B) 200.480 m
(C) 197.480 m
(D) 195.480 m
Fixed Hair Method
MCQ Question
Subtense tacheometry is generally preferred to if ground is
(A) (Flat
(B) Undulating
(C) Mountainous
(D) Deserts
Fixed Hair Method

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