TCP/IP PROTOCOL STACK

PROTOCOL SUITE
• A protocol suite is a collection of protocols
that are designed to work together.
• A layered architecture where each layer
depicts some functionality which can be
carried out by a protocol.
• more than one protocol options to carry out
the responsibility that the layer needs pertains
to
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) /IP (Internet
Protocol) was developed by the Department of
Defense (DoD) project agency.
• TCP and IP are two of the network standards that
make the internet possible.
• internet Protocol (IP) defines how computers can
get data to each other over
• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) defines
how applications can create reliable channels of
communication
• IP basically defines addressing and routing, while
TCP defines how to have a conversation across an
IP-mediated link without garbling or losing data.
The 4 layers are as follows :
1. Application layer
2. Transport layer
3. Network layer
4. Data link layer
 OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols

7th
Application Layer

6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer

5th
Session Layer

4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer

3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer

2nd
Link Layer

Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
 BASIS FOR
TCP/IP MODEL OSI MODEL
COMPARISON

Expands To Transmission Control Protocol/ Open system

Internet Protocol
Interconnect
Meaning
It is a client server model used It is a

theoretical model for transmission of data over which

is used for
Number Of
the internet.
Layers computing system.
Developed Department of Defense ISO (International

by (DoD) Standard

Organization)

Tangible Yes No

Usage Mostly used Never used

Obeys Horizontal approach Vertical approach

 Email client and web mail
• Email client- outlook, thunderbird,
• mailbird
• Also known as mail user agent or email reader
• central interface for receiving, composing and sending
emails of configured email address(s).
• Webmail is an app that’s written to be operated over
the internet through a browser—usually with no
downloaded applications or additional software
necessary.
• All are done by remote computers (i.e. servers and
machines
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) – used to associate
an IP address with a MAC address.
• IP (Internet Protocol) – used to deliver packets from
the source host to the destination host based on the IP
addresses.
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – used to
detects and reports network error conditions. Used in
ping.
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) –
that enables reliable data transfer
between two computers.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – a
for data transfer. Since a session is not created
before the data transfer, there is no guarantee of data
delivery.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – used for file
transfers from one host to another.
• Telnet (Telecommunications Network) – used to
connect with the remote server.
• DNS (Domain Name System) – used for host
names to the IP address resolution.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – used to
transfer files (text, graphic images, sound, video,
and other multimedia files) on the World Wide
Web.
 Email protocols
• POP3, IMAP4 and SMTP
• The POP3 and IMAP4 protocols are
for receiving or fetching email from an email
server.
• the SMTP protocol is used for sending
emails between email servers, and also for
sending email between an email client and
server.
• SMTP stands for simple mail transfer
protocol and is the protocol used for sending
email on the Internet.
• The SMTP protocol is used by your email
client to send email to the email server, and is
also used when email servers send email to
each other using a MTA (Message transfer
agent).
• Mail Servers:
• This application receives incoming emails from the local
users (people within same domain) as well as remote
senders and forwards outgoing email for delivery
• The two mail servers which are used for outgoing emails
are called as MTAs, mail transfer agents. The other two
mail servers used for incoming, using POP3/IMAP
protocols are called as MDAs, the mail delivery agents
• DNS
• The purpose of the DNS is to translate the domain names
to the IP addresses and vice-versa. The DNS is used here
to find out the mail server of the other side. This
information is retrieved from the DNS and the email
The next step is DNS lookup. The system sends a request to find out
the corresponding MTA of the recipient.

Response is given to the requested mail server with the IP address of

the recipient’s mail server. This way the ‘to’ mail server is identified.

The next step is transferring the message between the mail servers.

The SMTP protocol is used for this communication. Now our message
is with the recipient mail server (MTA).

 This message is transferred to the Mail Delivery Agent and then it

is transferred to the recipient’s local computer.
• POP3 and IMAP are two different protocols
(methods) used to access email.
• when you need to check your emails from
multiple devices, such as a work laptop, a
home computer, or a tablet, smartphone, or
other mobile device. Tap into your synced
(updated) account from any device with IMAP.
• ICMP can send the messages only to the
source, but not to the intermediate routers
because the IP datagram carries the addresses
of the source and destination but not of the
router that it is passed to.
 POP3
• POP3 downloads email from a server to a
single computer, then deletes it from the
server.
• Because your messages get downloaded to a
single computer or device and then deleted
from the server, it can appear that mail is
missing or disappearing from your Inbox if you
try to check your mail from a different
computer.
 TCP and UDP
TCP UDP
Connection-oriented Connection less

TCP tracks all data does not have a sequence number and
sent,acknowledgment is sent acknowledgment scheme.
If the data is found to be duplicated Different packets may take different
/missing/out of order it will not be paths to get through the network. The
passed to the upper layer packets are reassembled after they
arrive at the destination

Manage transmission during the Walkie-talkies, or Citizens Band

congestion radios
TCP UDP

Reliable

Connectionless

Segment retransmission and No windowing or

flow control through retransmission
windowing

Sequencing of segments No sequencing

Acknowledgement No
Sequencing
• Some ports have been reserved to support
common/well known services:
• ftp 21/tcp
• telnet 23/tcp
• smtp 25/tcp
• login 513/tcp
• http 80/tcp,udp
• https 443/tcp,udp
• User-level process/services generally use port
number value >= 1024
 Host identification by ip address and
port num
• each service offered by a computer is uniquely
identified by a port number.
• Each Internet packet contains both the
destination host address and the port number
on that host to which the message/request
has to be delivered.
• The host computer dispatches the packets it
receives to programs by looking at the port
numbers specified within the packets.
 TCP/IP Socket Programming
• Classes
– Serversocket
– Socket
• Socket – a 2-way communication link
• It is bound to a port number so that TCP
layer can identify the application that data is
destined to be sent
 BASIS FOR
COMPARISON POP3 IMAP

Basic To read the mail ithas to be downloaded first. The mail content can be checked
partially before downloading.

Organize The user can not organize mails in the The user can organize the mails
mailbox of the mail server. on the server.

Folder The user can not create, delete or rename The user can create, delete or
mailboxes on a mail server. rename mailboxes on the mail
server.

Content A user can not search the content of mail for A user can search the content of
prior downloading. mail for specific string of
character before downloading.

Partial Download The user has to download the mail for The user can partially download
accessing it. the mail if bandwidth is limited.

Functions POP3 is simple and has limited functions. IMAP is more powerful, more
complex and has more features
over POP3.