COURSE CONTENTS

•Analysis of 2-port network.

•State variables formulation
•Foster and Cauer’s methods of
network synthesis.
•Resonance
•Filters- Active and Passive filter synthesis
•Analysis of continuous and discrete signals
and systems.
•Gyrators, NIC, FDNR
•Non-linear circuit.
 Recommended Reading/Text:
• Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku, (2002) “Fundamentals of
Electric Circuits”, 2nd Edition McGraw-Hill.

• B.L Theraja and A.K Theraja, (2006), “A textbook of Electrical Technology”

S.Chand Indian.

• Wai-Kai-Chen, (2004) “The Electrical Engineering Handbook”.

• A.C Vergers “Electric network synthesis”1st Edition (1982), TAB Books Inc,
USA.


TERM PAPER

Explain, with the aid of diagram(s), continuous and discrete signals and systems as they relate to Electric Circuit Theory.
How are these signals and/or systems analysed?.
 TWO-PORT NETWORKS.
• A pair of terminals through which a current/signal
may enter or leave a network is known as a port.
• Two-terminal devices or elements (such as resistors,
capacitors and inductors) result in
one- port networks.
Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are two-
terminal or one-port circuit represented by the diagram
below
 I

Linear network
V

Figure 1.1 One-port network

In this study, we are mainly concerned with two- port
networks.
 A two-port network is an electrical network with two
separate ports for input and output.
Thus, a two-port network has two terminal pair acting
as access points.
As shown in the diagram below, the current entering
one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the
pair.
 I2
I1

+
+
Linear network
V

-
-
I1 I2

Figure 1.2 A general two-port with terminal voltages and currents specified

As shown in the diagram below, the current entering

one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the pair.

• The two – port is composed of linear elements possibly

including dependent sources.
 Why do we study 2-port network?
Our study of two-port networks is for at least two reasons;
• Such networks are useful in communications,
control systems, power systems, and electronics.
For example, they are useful in electronics to
model transistors and to facilitate cascade design.
•Knowing the parameters of a two-port network enables us to
treat it as a “black box” when embedded within a larger
network.
Black box is an electronic equipment that you know produces
particular result but that you do not completely understand.
To characterize a two-port network requires that we relate the
terminal quantities V1, V2, I1 and I2 in the diagram above,
out of which two are independent.
The various terms that relate these voltages and currents are
called parameters.
 Modeling of a 2-port network.
Six parameters used to model a two-port network are the
• Impedance [z],
• Admittances [y],
• Hybrid [h],
• Inverse hybrid [g],
• Transmission[T],
• Inverse transmission[t] parameters.
 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS

Impedance parameters are commonly used in the synthesis of

filters.
A two-port network may be voltage driven or current driven as
shown below.
 I1 I2

+ Linear + V2
V1 - -
Network

Voltage driven

OR

+ +

I1 V1 Linear I2
V2
Network

- -

Current driven
The terminal voltages can be related to the terminal currents as

Or in matrix form as

Where the Z terms are called the impedance parameters, and

have units of ohms.
 The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting
(Input port open-circuited) or (output port open circuited)
Thus, When
, the two port network is said to be symmetrical.
This implies that the network has mirror like symmetry about
some centre line; i.e. a line can be found that divides the
network into two similar halves.
When the two port network is linear and has no dependent
sources, the transfer impedances are equal
and the two – port is said to be reciprocal. This means that if
the points of excitation and response are interchanged, the
transfer impedances remain the same.
As illustrated in the diagram below;
1 2

+ Reciprocal
V A
- two-port

1 2

I
Reciprocal + V
A
two-port -
A two-port is reciprocal if interchanging an ideal voltage
source at one port with an ideal ammeter at the other port
gives the same ammeter reading.

Note:
• Any two–port that is made entirely of Resistors, Capacitors,
and Inductors must be reciprocal.
 A reciprocal network can be replaced by T-equivalent circuit
below can be used.
If the network is not reciprocal, a more general equivalent
network diagram is shown in figure 1.3 below

Figure 1.3 General equivalent circuit

It should be mentioned that for some two-port networks
the Z parameters do not exist because they cannot be
described by equation 1.

As an example, consider the ideal transformer in the diagram

below

1: n +
+

- -
 The defining equations for the two-port network are:

You will observe that it is impossible to express the voltage in

terms of the current, and vice versa, as equation (1) requires.

Thus, the ideal transformer has no Z parameters.

However, it does have hybrid parameters..
 Z - parameters Cont.
From equation 1,

Open circuit input impedance

,Open circuit impedance from ports 1 to 2

,Open circuit transfer impedance from

port 2 to 1.

Open circuit output impedance.

Sometimes Z11 and Z22 are called driving point impedances
While Z21 and Z12 are called transfer impedances.
When Z11 = Z22, the two-port network is said to be symmetrical.

Note again that: When the two-port network is linear and has
no dependent sources, the transfer impedances are equal
and the network is said to be reciprocal.

This means that if the points of excitation and responses

are interchanged, the transfer function remains thesame.
 Examples on Z-parameters
Determine the Z parameter for the network below

20Ω 30Ω

40Ω

Solution.
To determine Z11 and Z21, we apply a voltage source V1 to the
input and leave the output port open as in the diagram below
 20Ω 30Ω
+
+ 40Ω
-
-

Then,

Z11 is the input impedance at port 1.

V2 is equal to the drop across 40Ω resistor. Since I2 is 0

 To find Z12 and Z22, we apply a voltage source V2 to the
output port and leave the input port open as show below

20Ω 30Ω
+

+
40Ω -

Then,

= 70Ω
,

Thus
Example 2

Find I1 and I2 in the circuit diagram below,

I1 I2

+ +
Z11 = 40Ω Z12
= j20Ω Z21 =
100 < 00V +
- V1 j30Ω Z22 = V2
50Ω

- -

Solution
This is not a reciprocal network (when the two port network is
linear and has no dependent sources,
the transfer impedances are equal (Z12 = Z21), and the two port
is said to be reciprocal.
Recall, from equation 1.
Substitute the given Z parameters into the equation above,

**
 ***
Substitute eqn *** into * to get
Hence from equation (***)

Note that

A
 Assignment
Calculate I1 and I2 in the two-port of the diagram below;

2Ω I1 I2

+ Z11 = 6Ω Z12 +
= -j4Ω Z21 =
+ V1 -j4Ω Z22 = V2
2 < 300V -
8Ω

- -