IP Version 4 Addressing

Objectives
• Explain the different classes of IP addresses
• Configure IP addresses
• Subdivide an IP network

2
 Objectives (continued)
• Discuss advanced routing concepts such as CIDR,
summarization, and VLSM
• Convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal
numbering systems
• Explain the differences between IPv4 and IPv6

3
 IP Addressing
• An IP address has 32 bits divided into four octets
• To make the address easier to read, people use
decimal numbers to represent the binary digits
– Example: 192.168.1.1
• Dotted decimal notation
– When binary IP addresses are written in decimal
format

4
IP Addressing (continued)

5
 MAC to IP Address Comparison
• MAC address
– Identifies a specific NIC in a computer on a network
– Each MAC address is unique
– TCP/IP networks can use MAC addresses in
communication
• Network devices cannot efficiently route traffic using
MAC addresses because they:
– Are not grouped logically
– Cannot be modified
– Do not give information about physical or logical
network configuration
6
 MAC to IP Address Comparison
(continued)
• IP addressing
– Devised for use on large networks
• IP addresses have a hierarchical structure and do
provide logical groupings
– IP address identifies both a network and a host

7
 IP Classes

• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

– Devised the hierarchical IP addressing structure
• American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN)
– Manages IP addresses in the United States
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
– A global, government-independent entity with overall
responsibility for the Internet
– ICANN has effectively replaced IANA

8
 IP Classes (continued)

• Class A
– Reserved for governments and large corporations
throughout the world
– Each Class A address supports 16,777,214 hosts
• Class B
– Addresses are assigned to large- and medium-sized
companies
– Each Class B address supports 65,534 hosts

9
IP Classes (continued)

10
 IP Classes (continued)

• Class C
– Addresses are assigned to groups that do not meet
the qualifications to obtain Class A or B addresses
– Each Class C address supports 254 hosts
• Class D
– Addresses (also known as multicast addresses) are
reserved for multicasting
– Multicasting is the sending of a stream of data
(usually audio and video) to multiple computers
simultaneously

11
IP Classes (continued)

12
 IP Classes (continued)

• Class E
– Addresses are reserved for research, testing, and
experimentation
– The Class E range starts where Class D leaves off
• Private IP ranges
– Many companies use private IP addresses for their
internal networks
• Will not be routable on the Internet
– Gateway devices have network interface connections
to the internal network and the Internet
• Route packets between them
13
IP Classes (continued)

14
 Network Addressing

• IP addresses identify both the network and the host

– The division between the two is not specific to a
certain number of octets
• Subnet mask
– Indicates how much of the IP address represents the
network or subnet
• Standard (default) subnet masks:
– Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0
– Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0
– Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
15
 Network Addressing (continued)

• TCP/IP hosts use the combination of the IP address

and the subnet mask
– To determine if other addresses are local or remote
– The binary AND operation is used to perform the
calculation
• Subnetting
– Manipulation of the subnet mask to get more network
numbers

16
17
 Network Addressing (continued)

• Subnet address
– Network is identified by the first, or first few, octets
– A TCP/IP host must have a nonzero host identifier
• Broadcast address
– When the entire host portion of an IP address is all
binary ones
– Examples: 190.55.255.255 and 199.192.65.63

18
Network Addressing (continued)

19
 Broadcast Types

• Flooded broadcasts
– Broadcasts for any subnet
– Use use the IP address 255.255.255.255
– A router does not propagate flooded broadcasts
because they are considered local
• Directed broadcasts are for a specific subnet
– Routers can forward directed broadcasts
– For example, a packet sent to the Class B address
129.30.255.255 would be a broadcast for network
129.30.0.0

20
 Subdividing IP Classes

• Reasons for subnetting

– To match the physical layout of the organization
– To match the administrative structure of the
organization
– To plan for future growth
– To reduce network traffic

21
Subdividing IP Classes (continued)

22
 Subnet Masking

• When network administrators create subnets

– They borrow bits from the original host field to make a
set of subnetworks
– The number of borrowed bits determines how many
subnetworks and hosts will be available
• Class C addresses also can be subdivided
– Not as many options or available masks exist
because only the last octet can be manipulated with
this class

23
24
Subnet Masking (continued)

25
Subnet Masking (continued)

26
 Learning to Subnet

• Suppose you had a network with:

– Five different segments
– Somewhere between 15 and 20 TCP/IP hosts on
each network segment
• You just received your Class C address from ARIN
(199.1.10.0)
• Only one subnet mask can handle your network
configuration: 255.255.255.224
– This subnet mask will allow you to create eight
subnetworks and to place up to 30 hosts per network

27
 Learning to Subnet (continued)
• Determine the subnet identifiers (IP addresses)
– Write the last masking octet as a binary number
– Determine the binary place of the last masking digit
• Calculate the subnets
– Begin with the major network number (subnet zero)
and increment by 32
– Stop counting when you reach the value of the mask
• Determine the valid ranges for your hosts on each
subnet
– Take the ranges between each subnet identifier
– Remove the broadcast address for each subnet
28
Learning to Subnet (continued)

29
Learning to Subnet (continued)

30
Learning to Subnet (continued)

31
 Subnetting Formulas

• Consider memorizing the following two formulas:

2y = # of usable subnets (where y is the number of bits
borrowed)

2x – 2 = # of usable hosts per subnet (where x is the

number of bits remaining in the host field after
borrowing)

32
Subnetting Formulas (continued)

33
Subnetting Formulas (continued)

34
Example 1

Given the address 23.56.7.91, find the

beginning address (network address).

Solution
The default mask is 255.0.0.0, which means that only the first
byte is preserved and the other 3 bytes are set to 0s. The
network address is 23.0.0.0.

35
Example 2

Given the address 132.6.17.85, find the

beginning address (network address).

Solution
The default mask is 255.255.0.0, which means that the first 2
bytes are preserved and the other 2 bytes are set to 0s. The
network address is 132.6.0.0.

36
Example 3

Given the address 201.180.56.5, find the

beginning address (network address).

Solution
The default mask is 255.255.255.0, which means that the first
3 bytes are preserved and the last byte is set to 0. The network
address is 201.180.56.0.

37
Special Address :

38
Network address :

39
Direct Broadcast:

40
Limited Broadcast address:

41
This Host in this Network:

42
Specific Host on this Network:

43
Loopback Address:

44
A network with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted):

45
A network with three levels of hierarchy (subnetted):

46
Addresses in a network with and without subnetting :

47
Default and Subnet Mask :

48
What is the subnetwork address if the
destination address is 200.45.34.56 and
the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
Solution
We apply the AND operation on the address and the subnet mask.

Address ➡ 11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

Subnet Mask ➡ 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Subnetwork Address ➡ 11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000.

49
Comparison Default mask and Subnet mask:

50
In subnetting, we need the first address of the
subnet and the subnet mask to define the
range of addresses.
In supernetting, we need the first address of
the supernet and the supernet mask to define
the range of addresses.

51
Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks :

52
Supernetting :

53