Design and Implementation of a Low Cost Mini

Weather Monitoring System

By
Ukhurebor K. E and Azi S. O
Department of Physics, Edo University Iyamho,
Edo State, Nigeria

Presented at the 4thAnnual International Conference of the Nigerian

Geophysical Society (NGS) held at Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
9th -12th May, 2017

1
 Outline
 Introduction

 Literature review

 Statement of the problem

 Aim & Objectives

 Materials and Method

 Results and Discussion

 Findings

 Contribution to Knowledge

 Conclusion, Suggestions for Further Studies and Acknowledgement

 References
2
 Introduction
 The study of weather is as old as the creation; it has always had a significant
influence on the lives of people and shaped their cultures, habits, attitudes,
behaviour and their environments in general. Weather is mostly influenced by
the following factors:

i. Location latitude
ii. Elevation
iii. Proximity to water bodies (Karl, 2014; Ukhurebor et al., 2017).

 Weather has always been a universal concern and a major force of nature that
has influenced mankind in a very authoritative approach for an elongated period
of time and the recent changes in the climate are becoming issues of great
concern (Akhilesh et al., 2015; Parvez et al., 2016).

 Man has always tried to find out the causes of different weather conditions he
finds himself in and possibly monitor and forecast what the weather would be at
any given time. Taking weather and trying to forecast it appropriately can make
a difference for the survival and prosperity of the human race (Ukhurebor et al.,
2017; Karl, 2014).
3
 Introduction (Cont’d)

There cannot be a study of the weather neither its prediction without the
knowledge of the prevailing conditions of the atmosphere (Satyanarayana and
Mazaruddin, 2013; Susmitha and Sowmyabala, 2014).

Weather measuring, monitoring and forecasting holds great importance and has
uses in several areas and for this reason man has always devise different means of
measuring the various elements or parameters of the weather.

In the ancient times before the advancement in science and technology, weather
measurements, monitoring and predictions were mostly done by human
experiences over the cloud cover and the movements of the wind. Those involve in
agricultural activities were the ones mainly affected by the atmospheric weather
conditions (Dushyant and Sanjeev, 2013).

But with the advancement of technology, new methods and equipment have been
developed to measure, collect and monitor weather information and today a whole
field of study known as Meteorology is dedicated to it (Ukhurebor et al., 2017).

4
 Introduction (Cont’d)
Meteorology is the science of the atmosphere. Its domain is the lower
atmosphere of the universe and its practice involves the daily cooperation of
every action in the atmosphere of the universe (Akpan et al., 2016).

In meteorology, the data collected are used in monitoring and forecasting the
weather; weather monitoring and forecasting which are useful in one way or the
other in the course of our daily activities (Akpan et al., 2016).

Meteorologically, weather is used to describe the momentary atmospheric

conditions at a certain place. It is the state of the atmosphere of a given place at
a particular time. Weather describes the condition of the atmosphere over a short
period of time (Dushyant and Sanjeev, 2013).

The climate of an area is known through the average weather over a long
period of time. Climate describes the average weather conditions over a longer
period of time usually calculated over a thirty year time period for a particular
region and time period (Dushyant and Sanjeev, 2013).

5
 Introduction (Cont’d)

In describing the atmospheric conditions of a given place at any given time,
certain weather elements or parameters must be known, measured and
quantified (Pramod and Vaijanath, 2015; Popa and Iapa, 2011).

Some of the most crucial weather elements are temperature, relative humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, luminous
intensity. The weather and climate of any region is determined by these weather
parameters and the seasons.

Temperature is a widely measured variable and is a very critical factor in

determining the weather; because it influences and controls most of the
elements of the weather (Akhilesh et al., 2015).

There is no doubt that an accurate measurement, proper observation and

monitoring of the atmospheric conditions using standard meteorological
instruments would help guide against the occurrences of most climate induced
environmental disasters and improve agricultural productivity in our
community (Okhakhu, 2014; Ukhurebor et al., 2017).
6
 Literature Review
Authors Year Research Result Limitation
1. Akhilesh et al 2015 Bluetooth Based Weather Temperature and Light intensity,
Station humidity were measured atmospheric pressure
using a bluetooth based were not considered and
model the setup is a bit costly
2. Lanre and 2011 Design and Construction Low cost digital weather The weather station did
Umoru of a Low Cost Digital station for measuring not considered light
Weather Station some weather elements intensity beside, the
was constructed microcontroller used is
less versatile
3. Kirankumar 2015 Low Cost Wireless Low cost weather Light intensity,
Weather Monitoring measuring system was atmospheric pressure
System developed that measured were not considered also
some weather parameter the microcontroller used
is less versatile
4. Krejcar 2012 Weather Station with The station used The design and
Remote Control temperature sensor and construction setup is
other measuring sensors comparatively complex
using a remote control and is not cost effective
because of the kind of
microcontroller used

7
 Literature Review (Cont’d)
Authors Year Research Result Limitation
5. Nisha et al 2015 Zigbee Based Weather Weather monitoring ZigBee technology will
Monitoring System system to measured require more applications
some weather elements to execute it in small or
was designed using medium size due to some
ZigBee technology extra assembly required.

6. Pengfei et al 2015 Wireless Temperature Weather monitoring Only temperature was

Monitoring System system for temperature considered also the ZigBee
Based on the ZigBee monitoring was designed technology will require
Technology using ZigBee technology more applications to
execute it in small or
medium size due to some
extra assembly required

7. Singh et al 2015 Temperature Weather monitoring Only temperature was

Monitoring in system for temperature monitored and again the
Wireless Sensor monitoring was also ZigBee technology will
Network using Zigbee designed using ZigBee require more applications
Transceiver module transceiver to execute it in small or
medium size due to some
extra assembly required

8
 Literature Review (Cont’d)
Authors Year Research Result Limitation
8. Lo Conti et al 2015 A Weather The system uses X-band It was basically designed for
Monitoring weather radar that precipitation also the design
and construction setup was also
System for the monitors precipitation
considerably complex and
Study of fields with high expensive
Precipitation resolution in space and
Fields time

9. Surussavadee 2010 Cloud-resolving A method for This concept will be quite

and Staelin numerical weather measuring, analyzing, impractical to be implemented
prediction model evaluating, predicting in developing countries like
and forecasting climatic ours because of satellite issues.
conditions via weather Beside, satellites have trouble
satellite was presented measuring some ground
parameters; measurements are
more precise on ground
stations as a result ground
stations are more preferable in
the urban areas. Also cost
effectiveness is also an issue
here

9
 Statement of the Problem

The motivation for this work is centred on prevailing shortage of weather

related data in most of our rural, remote and interior villages/communities in
particular. The evidence of this fact could be seen in poor weather monitoring
and forecasting that result in weather related environmental hazards that have
some negative effects on agricultural activities also the destruction of lives and
properties as a result of the unavailability in network of weather monitoring
systems dedicated for weather services in these areas.
 
Even in some urban areas of the country where we have these weather
monitoring systems and stations/devices, there are still some constraints; partly
due to the high cost of importation. Also, operating and managing some of these
imported weather monitoring systems and stations/devices requires high
technical expertise making their use some how difficult even for public uses let
alone private users like small-scale agriculturists/farmers, industrialists,
researchers, travellers, schools and institutions.

10
 Aim & Objectives
The aim of this research is to design a cost effective, flexible and portable mini weather
monitoring system that will be used to measure and monitor temperature, atmospheric
pressure, relative humidity, light intensity, dew point temperature, altitude

The objectives of this research work are to:

1. Design the circuit using Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller with some modern
reliable sensors and other components.

2. Write the code using the C++ computer programming language to program the
Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller with other components.

3. Use the system to log in weather data to ensure that the device measures weather data
periodically and log the data to a database.

4. Approximate the dew point temperature and calculate the altitude.

5. Compare the readings from the weather monitoring system with those from the Centre
for Atmospheric Research (CAR) and online weather reports (Accu Weather Report).
 
11
 Materials and Method
The project consists of two parts; the hardware and the software.

The hardware implementation involves designing the circuit using Arduino

Mega 2560 Microcontroller, Some Modern Reliable Sensor; DHT 11 Digital
Temperature and Humidity Sensor, BMP 180 Pressure and Temperature Sensor
and TSL 2561 Luminosity Sensor/Light Sensor, Data Logger which consist of the
Real Timer (DS 1307), Memory Card, HD444780 LCD, other Circuit Elements/
Materials like Connectors, Resistors; 1000Ω Pot Resistor, Fixed 470Ω Resistor and
Power source. These components were properly selected to meet the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) and other regulatory bodies on
instrumentation standards for obtaining valid and accurate measurements.

 The software implementation involves; writing the code using the C++
computer programming language to program the Arduino Mega 2560
microcontroller with other components (simulation) from Proteus 8.

Figure 1 shows the method and approach of the system, Figure 2 shows the
circuit diagram of the weather monitoring system from the simulation from Proteus
8, while Figure 3 shows the snapshot of the designed mini weather monitoring
system.
12
 Microcontroller
Microcontrollers and Computer boards are the very heart of any electronics
project; responsible for all the major operations. Whether you are building an
intelligent robot or a simple sensor, microcontrollers are required to carry out the
necessary operations.

Table 1: Comparison of some Contemporary Microcontrollers

S/No Name of Microcontroller Brief Description Price
(USD)
1 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B This is one of the latest second generation controller board provided 111.64
by the popular Raspberry Pi brand. The board itself is more or less
computer not a controller.
2 BeagleBone Black The BeagleBone Black is a powerful controller board that has 114.95
enormous compatibility.
3 Nanode Winode 4 This board is designed to function like the well reputed Arduino 125.81
controller boards . It uses Atmega 328 processor like Arduino UNO
but it focuses more on internet based projects. The board requires
some assembly though.
4 Parallela Micro ServerBoard This is also a powerful computer controller board. It is more or less 155.00
in development phase, there are still a few very minor improvements
required.
5 Arduino Mega 2560 The Arduino Mega 2560 is one of the most well known compatible, 65.00
very versatile controller board presently.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller. The
operation process is simple compare to some of these
microcontrollers; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable
or power it with an AC to DC adapter or battery to get started and
it is compatible with most shields.

13
 Battery port

USB Port BMP 180

Microcontroller Sensor

Arduino Mega 2560

TSL 2561
Sensor
DHT 11
Sensor

DS1307
RTC
SD Memory
Card

LCD
Display

Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Designed Mini Weather Monitoring System

14
Figure 2: Circuit Diagram of the Mini Weather Monitoring System from Proteus

15
Figure 3: Snapshot of the Designed Mini Weather Monitoring System

16
 Results and Discussion

The components were mounted and embedded for testing to be carried out. It
was found that the system was working properly.

After which measurements was carried out to measure some weather parameters
in Benin City, Edo State Nigeria (Latitude: 6°20′17″N, Longitude: 5°37′32″E and
Elevation above sea level: 87.88 m ≈ 288 ft) between 1st March to 8th March,
2017 for validation purposes.

The weather measurements of temperature, humidity, pressure, luminous

intensity were carried out also the approximation of the dew point temperature
using the Thumb rule (Eqn. 1 or Eqn. 2) and calculation of altitude using the
Barometric Formula (Eqn. 3) were also done.

 The results were analyzed and compared with weather data obtained from other
sources (the Centre for Atmospheric Research; CAR and online weather reports;
Accu Weather Report) are tabulated in Table 2 to Table 7 and Figure 4 to Figure 9
for the various weather elements respectively.

17
 Results and Discussion (Cont’d)

The measured temperature was having percentage error of 0.87 and 1.31; the
measured relative humidity was having percentage error of 0 and 0.43; the
measured atmospheric pressure was having percentage error of 0.02 and 0.03; the
light intensity was having percentage error of 1.91 and 0.94 while the approximated
dew point temperature was having percentage error of 0.98 and 0.15 and the
calculated altitude was having percentage error of 0.06 and 0.05 for both CAR and
Accu Weather Report respectively.

Also we can use a complex formula;

18
 Results and Discussion (Cont’d)
Where Td is the dew point, T is the temperature, RH is the relative humidity.
For the temperature range –40°C to 0°C, Tn = 272.62°C and m = 22.46 while
for the temperature range 0°C to 50°C, Tn = 243.12°C and m = 17.62. The
dew point value is calculated after receiving the air temperature and relative
humidity values from the weather station. The dew point value can be
calculated automatically from the computer using MATLAB after receiving
the temperature and relative humidity values (Dushyant and Sanjeev, 2013;
Renool, 2014).

With the measured pressure P and the pressure at sea level Ps e.g.
1013.25hPa, the altitude in meters can be calculated with the international
barometric formula;

Attitude = 44330 { 1- (P/Ps)}1/5.255……………………….(3)

Hence, change in pressure of ΔP = 1hPa corresponds to 8.43m at sea level

(Renool, 2014).

19
Table 2: Temperature
Date Measured Average Temperature (o C) Source Average Temperature (o C)
CAR Accu Weather Report

01/03/2017 29 28 28

02/03/2017 28 28 27

03/03/2017 30 29 28

04/03/2017 30 30 31

05/03/2017 27 26 27

06/03/2017 28 29 28

07/03/2017 31 30 31

08/03/2017 32 33 32

Mean Total 29.38 29.13 29.00

Standard 1.69 2.03 2.00

Deviation

Mean Percentage Error (%) 0.87 1.31

20
Table 3: Relative Humidity
Date Measured Average Relative Humidity (%) Source Average Relative Humidity (%)
CAR Accu Weather Report

01/03/2017 70 71 72

02/03/2017 79 80 80

03/03/2017 87 87 86

04/03/2017 91 87 90

05/03/2017 99 99 98

06/03/2017 93 94 92

07/03/2017 83 83 85

08/03/2017 58 59 60

Mean Total 82.50 82.50 82.86

Standard 13.33 12.74 12.11

Deviation

Mean Percentage Error (%) 0 0.43

21
Table 4: Atmospheric Pressure
Date Measured Average Atmospheric Pressure Source Average Atmospheric Pressure (mbar)
(mbar)
CAR Accu Weather Report

01/03/2017 1012 1009 1011

02/03/2017 1009 1011 1010

03/03/2017 1008 1009 1009

04/03/2017 1009 1008 1009

05/03/2017 1011 1012 1010

06/03/2017 1010 1009 1009

07/03/2017 1010 1010 1009

08/03/2017 1008 1007 1008

Mean Total 1009.63 1009.48 1009.36

Standard 1.41 1.60 0.92

Deviation

Mean Percentage Error (%) 0.02 0.03

22
Table 5: Luminous Intensity
Date Measured Average luminous intensity (cd) Source Average luminous intensity (cd)
CAR Accu Weather Report

01/03/2017 1700 1700 1800

02/03/2017 1500 1600 1600

03/03/2017 1400 1400 1400

04/03/2017 1300 1200 1300

05/03/2017 1100 1100 1000

06/03/2017 1200 1100 1100

07/03/2017 1200 1200 1100

08/03/2017 1300 1200 1300

Mean Total 1337.50 1312.50 1325.00

Standard 192.26 229.52 271.24

Deviation

Mean Percentage Error (%) 1.91 0.94

23
Table 6: Dew Point Temperature
Date Approximated Average Dew Point (o C) Source Average Dew Point (o C)
CAR Accu Weather Report

01/03/2017 23.00 22 23

02/03/2017 23.80 24 23

03/03/2017 27.40 27 26

04/03/2017 28.20 28 29

05/03/2017 26.80 27 28

06/03/2017 26.60 27 26

07/03/2017 27.60 26 26

08/03/2017 23.60 24 25

Mean Total 25.88 25.63 25.75

Standard 2.07 2.07 2.12

Deviation

Mean Percentage Error (%) 0.98 0.15

24
Table 7: Altitude
Date Calculated Average Altitude (m) Source Average Altitude (m)
CAR Accu Weather Report

01/03/2017 12327.24 12300 12350

02/03/2017 15645.96 15650 15640

03/03/2017 16294.96 16300 16200

04/03/2017 15645.96 15650 15640

05/03/2017 13951.94 13950 13900

06/03/2017 14856.89 14900 15000

07/03/2017 14856.89 14900 15000

08/03/2017 16294.96 16300 16200

Mean Total 14984.35 14993.75 14991.25

Standard 1334.67 1343.62 1305.54

Deviation

Mean Percentage Error (%) 0.06 0.05

25
 35

30

25

20

15

10 Measured CAR

5 On Line

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 4: Temperature
120

100

80

60

40
Measured CAR
20
On line

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 6: Relative Humidity

26
1013
1012
1011
1010
1009
1008
1007
Measured CAR
1006
On line
1005
1004
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 6: Atmospheric Pressure

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Measured CAR
400
200 On line
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 7: Light Intensity

27
 35

30

25

20 Approximated
CAR
15
On line
10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 8: Dew Point Temperature

18000
16000
14000
12000
10000 Calculated
8000 CAR
On line
6000
4000
2000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 9: Altitude

28
 Findings

From the results of this research, the following findings were made:

1. The results and data from the designed mini weather monitoring system
were in good conformity with data obtained from other sources.

2. The temperature and relative humidity have influence on the dew point
temperature.

3. The atmospheric pressure and relative humidity have influence on the

altitude.
 

29
 Contribution to Knowledge

An affordable, effective, flexible, portable and simple mini weather

monitoring system that will be use for measuring temperature,
atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, light intensity have been
designed that will be helpful in mitigating climate-induced
environmental disasters and also aid in the improvement of agricultural
productivity in our rural communities in particular.

30
 Conclusion

 In this era of global warming, research in weather measurement,

monitoring and forecasting are becoming more and more relevant; getting
the latest weather forecast and taking the necessary precaution have
become a major issue all over the world.

 Weather monitoring plays an important role in human life, so the collection

of information about the temporal dynamics of weather changes is very
paramount.

 This research demonstrates the design and Implementation of an affordable

mini weather monitoring system that ensures flexibility, portability,
scalability and user friendly operations which can provide data of some
weather variables including temperature, humidity, pressure, ambient light
intensity with Real Time Data Logger also the dew point temperature was
approximated for using the Thumb Rule and the altitude was calculated
using the Barometric Formula.

31
 Suggestions for Further Studies

We conclude by outlining the following possible suggestions for future

research:

1. Addition of more sensors to monitor other weather and environmental

parameters with plans for expanding the range of weather data being
measured.

2. The power requirements should be increased. This could be catered for by

modifying the operation of the system to save energy also solar tracking,
employing backup battery and connecting an additional source of power
could also be considered.

3. Furthermore, the overall system robustness should be evaluated and

statistically weather data should also be measured, collected, analyzed and
evaluated so as to make appropriate and accurate monitoring and
prognostications.

32
 Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Centre for Atmospheric Research (CAR) under the
auspices of the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)
for their assistance hitherto.

We are also grateful to the Management of Edo University Iyamho, Edo State,
Nigeria.

33
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37
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING AND MAY
GOD ALMIGHTY BLESS YOU RICHLY

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