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Hydraulics Engineering: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali Hyder

This document outlines the key topics and objectives of a course in hydraulics engineering, including: 1. Understanding open channel flow concepts such as specific energy, uniform flow, gradually and rapidly varied flow, and unsteady flow. 2. Introduction to hydraulic modeling and similitude, sediment transport in open channels, dams, and water power engineering. 3. The course aims to provide students with the ability to analyze flow characteristics in various situations and understand hydraulic structures and principles. 4. Topics that will be covered include steady and unsteady open channel flow, hydraulic similitude, dam design, and water power site selection.

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ahmad akram
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51 views

Hydraulics Engineering: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali Hyder

This document outlines the key topics and objectives of a course in hydraulics engineering, including: 1. Understanding open channel flow concepts such as specific energy, uniform flow, gradually and rapidly varied flow, and unsteady flow. 2. Introduction to hydraulic modeling and similitude, sediment transport in open channels, dams, and water power engineering. 3. The course aims to provide students with the ability to analyze flow characteristics in various situations and understand hydraulic structures and principles. 4. Topics that will be covered include steady and unsteady open channel flow, hydraulic similitude, dam design, and water power site selection.

Uploaded by

ahmad akram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydraulics Engineering

Engr. Zulfiqar Ali Hyder


Ph.D. Scholar Hydraulic Structures
M.Sc. Structure Engineering

[email protected]
AIMS
• Solid understanding of Open Channel Flow
• Specific Energy
• Uniform Flow
• Concept of Gradually Varying Flow
• Concept of Rapidly Varying Flow
• Concept of Unsteady Flow
• Concept of Spatially Varied Flow
AIMS
• An Introduction to Hydraulic Modelling
& Similitude
• Sediment Transport in Open Channels
• Dams
• Water Power Engineering
BOOKS
1. Elementary Hydraulics by James Cruise
and VP Singh
2. Open Channel Hydraulics by V.T. Chow
3. Open Channel Hydraulics by French
4. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic
Structures by Santosh Kumar Garg
5. Open Channel Flow by Subramanya
Course Objectives

Understanding the mechanical behavior of


flowing water, developing capability of
understanding flow characteristics in
uniform/non-uniform/unsteady and spatially
varying situations, to understand sediment
transport, similitude and water power
engineering.
OUTCOMES
By the end of course the students will be able to:

Evaluate geometric features of Open Channels

Be able to solve Uniform Flow Problems

Work out Critical Flow Conditions

Analyse Hydraulic Jump and Hydraulic Structures

Understanding of Classifications of Varying Flow Profiles


 Understanding of Unsteady Flow Equations and their Applications

 Understand the basics of hydraulic modelling and similitude

 Analyse the forces acting on dams and design Site selection of water

power projects
COURSE OUTLINE
Steady Flow in Open Channels

Specific energy and critical depth


Surface profiles and backwater curves in channels of
uniform cross sections
Hydraulic jump and its practical applications
Flow over humps and contractions
Critical Depth Meters: Broad Crested weir, Venturi-
flume
COURSE OUTLINE
Unsteady Flow`

Discharge through orifices and weirs under varying head


Unsteady flow through pipelines
Water hammer
Instantaneous and slow closure of valves
Surges in open channels
COURSE OUTLINE
Hydraulic Similitude

Similitude in Hydraulic Model Testing


Similitude requirements: Geometric, Kinematic and dynamic
similarity

Various Dimensionless numbers and their significance


Model Techniques and Analysis
COURSE OUTLINE
` Dams
Brief description of various types of Storage Dams

Forces on Dams

Design of Gravity Dams


COURSE OUTLINE
Water Power Engineering

Selection of water power sites


Components and layout of water power scheme

` Sediment Transport in Open Channels


 Properties of Individual Particles
 Fall Velocity
 Collection and Analysis of Field Data
INTRODUCTION
Branch of scientific and engineering discipline that deals with
mechanical properties of fluid specially Water is known as Hydraulics
Engineering.
Applied in many Civil Engineering systems such as:

Water resource management


Flood defence
Harbour and port
Bridge
 Building
 Environmental protection
 Hydropower
 Irrigation
 Ecosystems etc.
Open Channel
An Open Channel is conduit in which fluid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between moving fluid and
overlying liquid medium under constant pressure.

Prime motivating force for open channel is Gravity


Stream is not completely enclosed by solid boundaries
Upper surface of liquid is in contact with Atmosphere
Flow takes place under action of gravity and Bed Slope
Free Surface flow or Gravity Flow
Open Channel
Principal types of Open Channel Includes:

 Natural rivers and streams


 Artificial canals
 Sewers
 Tunnels
 Pipelines not completely filled
If there is no free surface and
the conduit is flowing
full, the flow is called
Pipe Flow
The basic difference between these two types of flows is the presence
of free surface that ensures atmospheric pressure on the top surface.
Examples:

Flow in Sewer pipes


Flow in circular drainage pipes
In a Pipe Flow, all sections along the length of the pipe are subjected
to pressure that may be above, below or equal to atmospheric
pressure depending upon the conduit geometry and flow
 A line joining the top of the liquid surface in the piezometers is
called Hydraulic Grade Line

 In free surface flow hydraulic grade line usually but not always
coincides with the free surface.

 velocity head is V2/2g,


V = Mean flow velocity for the channel cross section
g = acceleration due to gravity
 Top of hydraulic grade line and resulting points are joined by a
line called Energy-Grade Line

 This line represents the total head at different sections of Channel


Types of Channels
Prismatic Channel

An Open Channel in which the cross-sectional shape, size and also


bottom slope are constant
Examples:

 Man made artificial channels


 Rectangular, Trapezoid, Triangle and Circular
Non-Prismatic Channels
All the natural channels generally have varying cross-sections
Rigid Boundary Channel
Channel in which boundary is not deformable in the sense that the
shape, planiform and roughness magnitude are not functions of flow
parameters.
Examples:

 Lined Canals
 Sewers
 Non-erodible Unlined Canals
Mobile Boundary Channel

Many unlined channels in alluvium both man-made channels and


rivers, in which boundaries undergo deformation due to continuous
process of erosion and deposition due to flow.

 Flow carries considerable amounts of sediment through


suspension and in contact with the bed.
Classification of Flows
Classification

By Time By Space
Steady Flow Unsteady Uniform Varied Flow
Flow Flow

Gradually Varied Rapidly Varied


Flow Flow
Steady Flow
A flow occurs when the flow properties, such as the Depth or
Discharge at a section do not change with Time.

Unsteady Flow
If the depth or discharge changes with Time the flow is called
Unsteady Flow`

 Flood Flows in Rivers


 Rapidly Varying Surges
Uniform Flow
If the flow properties, Depth of flow in an open channel remain
constant along the Length of the channel, flow is said to be Uniform

 Prismatic Channel carrying a certain discharge with a constant


velocity
Non-Uniform Flow
A flow, in which the flow properties vary along the length of channel
is termed as Non-uniform flow or Varied flow

 Flow in Non-Prismatic Channel and flow with varying velocities in


a Prismatic channel
Gradually Varied Flow

If the change of depth in a varied flow is gradually so that the


curvature of streamlines is not excessive is said to be Gradually
Varied Flow
 Passage of Flood wave in a River
 Backing up of water in stream due to dam
 Drooping of water surface due to sudden drop in the bed of canal
Rapidly Varied Flow
If the curvature in a varied flow is large and depth changes
appreciably over the short lengths such phenomena is known as
Rapidly Varied Flow
 A surge moving up in Canal
 hydraulic jump occurring below a sluice gate

Spatially Varied Flow

In steady-varied flow, discharge is constant at all sections. If some


flow is added to or abstracted from system, the resulting flow is
called Spatially Varied Flow (SVF)
One Dimensional Method of Flow Analysis
The following important features specific to one-dimensional open-
channel flow are to be noted:

 A single elevation represents the water surface perpendicular


to flow

 Velocities in direction other than the direction of the main


axis of flow are not considered.
Kinetic Energy
Energy Equation

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