Lesson 3

COMPLEMENT
& DIFFERENCE
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
• Also called “absolute A U
complement”
A B
• For a given set A, its complement,
A’, is the set of anything not in Set
A.
• It is also denoted by the difference
U – A, where U is the universal U
set. A B
• A’= “complement of A”

A’ = U – A
 COMPLEMENT OF A SET

𝐴′ ={2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 } ′
𝐵 ={1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 } 𝐶 ′ ={1 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 }
U U U

2 A 8 1 B 7 1 C 8
1 3 5 2 4 6 2 3 5
4 3 4 9
7 9 8 10 7
10 9 10
6 5 6
 COMPLEMENT OF A SET
¿?
U

A B
1 3 5 2 4 6
7 9 8 10

𝐴∩ B
To solve this, remember the U
PEMDAS order of operations.
Solve first for the operation A B
inside the parenthesis and then 1 3 5 2 4 6
the complement (exponent) 7 9 8 10

¿
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
A ′ ∪ 𝐵 ′={1 , 2 , 3?, …, 10 }
U U

A B A B
1 3 5 2 4 6 1 3 5 2 4 6
7 9 8 10 7 9 8 10

𝐴 ′ 𝐵 ′
U

A B
1 3 5 2 4 6
7 9 8 10

𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
U U

A B A B
1 3 5 2 4 6 1 3 5 2 4 6
7 9 8 10 7 9 8 10

¿ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′

This is called the De Morgan’s

Law.
 DIFFERENCE OF A SET
• Also called “relative complement” A – B (highlighted)
• Let’s say we have set A and set B.
A B
• The difference A – B is a set formed when
we remove the elements of set B from set
A.
• A – B means all elements of A that are not
in B B – A (highlighted)
• B – A means all elements of B that are not
in A. A B
 DIFFERENCE OF A SET

𝐴− 𝐵={1 , 3 , 5? , 7 , 9 } 𝐵− 𝐴={2 , 4 , 6 ?, 8 ,10 }

U U

A B A B
1 3 5 2 4 6 1 3 5 2 4 6
7 9 8 10 7 9 8 10
 DIFFERENCE OF A SET

𝐴 − 𝐶={1? , 9 } 𝐶 − 𝐴={2
? }
U U

A C A C
3 3
1 5 1 5
2 9 2
9 7
7
 DIFFERENCE OF A SET
′
𝑻𝑰𝑷 : ( 𝐴 −𝐶 ) =𝑈 −( 𝐴− 𝐶)

( 𝐴− 𝐶)′={2 , 3 , 4 , …
? , 8 , 10 } (𝐶− 𝐴)′={1 , 3 , 4 ,5?, …,10 }
U U
4 8 4 8
A C A C
3 3
1 5 1 5
9 2 9 2
7 7
6 6
10 10
PROPERTIES OF OPERATIONS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPERATIONS
APPLICATION
VENN DIAGRAM
 BEFORE WE START…
• CLUE WORDS FOR OPERATIONS
• “and” – Intersection
• “or” – Union
• “not” – Complement
• “only” – Difference

EXAMPLES: Given set A and set B

Both A and B =
Either A or B =
Not A=
A only=
 BEFORE WE START…
• MORE EXAMPLES: Given set A, B and C
• A but not B =
• All types/kinds=
• A but not B or C=
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. The Venn diagram below shows the number of elements
(n) in sets A and B. If , , and , find the value of and .

A B

𝑥 3 𝑦
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. The Venn diagram below shows the number of elements (n) in sets A and B. If , , and , find the value
of and .

U B B

A B
𝑦 +3 12
𝑥 3 𝑦

𝑦 +3=12
𝒚=𝟗
𝑛 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 𝑥 +3 + 𝑦
20 = 𝑥 + 3 + 9
20 = 𝑥 + 12
𝒙 =𝟖
PROBLEM SOLVING

2. There are 30 students in a class. 20 of them like

Mathematics, 15 like English, and 6 do not like
Mathematics or English. How many students like both
Mathematics and English?
PROBLEM SOLVING
There are 30 students in a class. 20 of them like Mathematics, 15 like English, and 6 do not like
Mathematics or English. How many students like both Mathematics and English?

We have two sets, for Math (M) and English (E).

CLUE WORDS:
or —--—→ Union
and ——→ Intersection This comprises the total number of students. Therefore, this is the
not ——→ Complement universal set, U.
only ——→ Difference
This is the set for Math.

This is the set for English.

This is the set for those who do not like Math or English.

? This is the set for those who likes both Math and English.
PROBLEM SOLVING
There are 30 students in a class. 20 of them like Mathematics, 15 like English, and 6 do not like
Mathematics or English. How many students like both Mathematics and English?
U

M E

𝑥
6

NOTE: The cardinality of union of two sets is the sum of the cardinality of two sets minus the cardinality of the
intersection of two sets. Example:
PROBLEM SOLVING
There are 30 students in a class. 20 of them like Mathematics, 15 like English, and 6 do not like
Mathematics or English. How many students like both Mathematics and English?

NOTE: The cardinality of union of two sets is the sum of the cardinality of two sets minus the cardinality of the
intersection of two sets. Example:
PROBLEM SOLVING
There are 30 students in a class. 20 of them like Mathematics, 15 like English, and 6 do not like
Mathematics or English. How many students like both Mathematics and English?

Therefore, there are 11 students who like both Mathematics and English.
 PROBLEM SOLVING
There are 30 students in a class. 20 of them like Mathematics, 15 like English, and 6 do not like
Mathematics or English. How many students like both Mathematics and English?

4 refers to the number

of students who like
U English only.

M E

𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟒
9 refers to the number
of students who like
Math only. 𝟔
MULTIPLE OPERATIONS
1.( 𝐴∩ 𝐶)′ ∪ 𝐵
′
2 .( 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) ∪ 𝐴
3 . ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵 ) −𝐶
4 . 𝐴 −(𝐵∪ 𝐶)
′
5 . 𝐶 ∩( 𝐵− 𝐴)′