RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY:
AN INTRODUCTION
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 MEANING OF RESEARCH
◦ Refers to a search for knowledge
◦ a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic
◦ An art of scientific investigation
◦ a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge
◦ systematized effort to gain new knowledge
◦ the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a
problem
◦ the systematic approach concerning generalisation and the formulation of a theory
 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific
procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as
exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view
are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies
with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research
studies)
 MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following:
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
Etc.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
The basic types of research are as follows:
1. Descriptive vs. Analytical
2. Applied vs. Fundamental
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical
 Research Approaches
1. Quantitative approach
a. inferential
b. experimental
c. simulation

2. Qualitative approach
 Significance of Research
◦ Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of
thinking and organisation
◦ Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business
and industry
1. To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a way
to attain a high position in the social structure;
2. To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of livelihood;
3. To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights;
4. To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and creative work;
5. To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalisations of new theories
 Research Methods versus Methodology
◦ Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of
research. Research methods or techniques, thus, refer to the methods the researchers use in performing
research operations. In other words, all those methods which are used by the researcher during the course
of studying his research problem are termed as research methods. Since the object of research,
particularly the applied research, it to arrive at a solution for a given problem, the available data and the
unknown aspects of the problem have to be related to each other to make a solution possible.
◦ Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a
science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. It is
necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology
◦ Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also
consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain
why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that
research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others.
Why a research study has been undertaken, how the research problem has been defined, in
what way and why the hypothesis has been formulated, what data have been collected and
what particular method has been adopted, why particular technique of analysing data has been
used and a host of similar other questions are usually answered when we talk of research
methodology concerning a research problem or study
 RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
◦ Research, as we have already stated, can be termed as “an inquiry into the nature of, the reasons for, and
the consequences of any particular set of circumstances, whether these circumstances are experimentally
controlled or recorded just as they occur
◦ Research implies the researcher is interested in more than particular results; he is interested in the
repeatability of the results and in their extension to more complicated and general situations
◦ Scientific method is the pursuit of truth as determined by logical considerations. The ideal of science is
to achieve a systematic interrelation of facts.
◦ Scientific method attempts to achieve “this ideal by experimentation, observation, logical arguments
from accepted postulates and a combination of these three in varying proportions
The scientific method is, thus, based on certain basic postulates which can be stated as under:
1. It relies on empirical evidence;
2. It utilizes relevant concepts;
3. It is committed to only objective considerations;
4. It presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims at nothing but making only adequate and correct
statements about population objects;
5. It results into probabilistic predictions;
6. Its methodology is made known to all concerned for critical scrutiny are for use in testing the
conclusions through replication;
7. It aims at formulating most general axioms or what can be termed as scientific theories
 Importance of Knowing How Research is Done
1. For one who is preparing himself for a career of carrying out research, the importance of knowing
research methodology and research techniques is obvious since the same constitute the tools of his
trade. The knowledge of methodology provides good training specially to the new research worker and
enables him to do better research. It helps him to develop disciplined thinking or a ‘bent of mind’ to
observe the field objectively. Hence, those aspiring for careerism in research must develop the skill of
using research techniques and must thoroughly understand the logic behind them.
2. Knowledge of how to do research will inculcate the ability to evaluate and use research results with
reasonable confidence. In other words, we can state that the knowledge of research methodology is
helpful in various fields such as government or business administration, community development and
social work where persons are increasingly called upon to evaluate and use research results for action.
3. When one knows how research is done, then one may have the satisfaction of acquiring a
new intellectual tool which can become a way of looking at the world and of judging every
day experience. Accordingly, it enables use to make intelligent decisions concerning
problems facing us in practical life at different points of time. Thus, the knowledge of
research methodology provides tools to took at things in life objectively.
4. In this scientific age, all of us are in many ways consumers of research results and we can
use them intelligently provided we are able to judge the adequacy of the methods by which
they have been obtained. The knowledge of methodology helps the consumer of research
results to evaluate them and enables him to take rational decisions.
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