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Complementary Function For Complex Distinct Roots: Institute of Aeronautical Engineering

This document discusses how to find the complementary function for a second order linear differential equation with constant coefficients when the roots of the characteristic equation are complex. It shows that if the roots are r1 = l + mi and r2 = l - mi, then the complementary function is of the form y = elt[c1cos(mt) + c2sin(mt)]. An example is worked out to demonstrate this method. Finally, it notes how the parameter l affects the behavior of solutions in this form.

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Varshitha Pattun
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41 views11 pages

Complementary Function For Complex Distinct Roots: Institute of Aeronautical Engineering

This document discusses how to find the complementary function for a second order linear differential equation with constant coefficients when the roots of the characteristic equation are complex. It shows that if the roots are r1 = l + mi and r2 = l - mi, then the complementary function is of the form y = elt[c1cos(mt) + c2sin(mt)]. An example is worked out to demonstrate this method. Finally, it notes how the parameter l affects the behavior of solutions in this form.

Uploaded by

Varshitha Pattun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX DISTINCT


ROOTS

PRESENTED BY:
VARSHITHA PATTUN
20951A21A2
AERO - B
objective

TO DISCUSS ABOUT COMPLEMENTARY


FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
We already know how to solve a second order linear
homogeneous differential equation with constant
coefficients where the roots of the characteristic
equation are real and distinct.  We will now discuss how
to handle these differential equations when the roots
are complex. 
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
The example below demonstrates the method.
Example
Solve 
        y'' - 4y' + 13y  =  0
 
Solution
As before we assume that y  =  ert is a solution.  We have
        y'  =  rert        y''  =  r2ert 
Substituting back into the original differential equation gives
        r2ert - 4rert + 13ert  =  0
        r2 - 4r + 13  =  0        dividing by ert 
This quadratic does not factor, so we use the quadratic formula and get the
roots
        r  =  2 + 3i         and        r  =  2 - 3i
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
We can conclude that the general solution to the
differential equation is
        y  =  a1e(2+3i)t + a2e(2-3i)t
        =  a1e2te3it + a2e2te-3it     
 Using the rule of exponents
        =  e2t(a1e3it + a2e-3it)    
 Factoring out the e2t 
Although this gives the general solution, it it not
satisfactory since the solution involves complex
exponents.  To deal with this we use Euler's formula
        eiq  =  cos q + i sin q
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
This gives 
        y  =  e2t[a1(cos(3t) + i sin(3t)) + a2(cos(-3t) + i sin(-3t))]
Since the cos x is an even function and sin x is an odd function,
we get
        y  =  e2t[a1(cos(3t) + i sin(3t)) + a2(cos(3t) - i sin(3t))]
or
        y  =  e2t[(a1 + a2)cos(3t)  + (a1 - a2)i sin(3t)]
Finally let 
        c1  =  a1 + a2         and        c2  =  i(a1 - a2)  
and we get, 
        y  =  e2t[c1cos(3t)  + c2 sin(3t)]
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
In general if 
        ay'' + by' + cy  =  0
is a second order linear differential equation with constant
coefficients such that the characteristic equation has
complex roots
        r  =  l + mi     and    r  =  l - mi
Then the general solution to the differential equation is
given by 
        y  =  elt[c1 cos(mt) + c2sin(mt)]
 
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
Example
Solve 
        y'' - 10y' + 29  =  0        y(0)  =  1    y'(0)  =  3
 
Solution
The characteristic equation is
        r2 - 10r + 29  =  0
which has roots 
        r  =  5 + 2i        and        r  =  5 - 2i
The general solution is 
        y  =  e5t[c1 cos(2t) + c2 sin(2t)]
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS
We use the initial values to find the constants.  Plug in y(0)  =  1.
        1  =  1[c1(1) + c2(0)]
so that c1  =  1.  We have
        y'  =  5e5t[cos(2t) + c2 sin(2t)] + e5t[-2 sin(2t) + 2c2 cos(2t)]
Plugging in y'(0)  =  3
        3  =  5[1 + 0]  + 1[0 + 2c2]  =  5 + 2c2 
Hence c2  =  -1
The final solution is 
        y  =  e5t[cos(2t) - sin(2t)]
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION FOR
COMPLEX DISTINCT ROOTS

Let's investigate the graphs of solutions of the form


                y  =  elt[c1 cos(mt) + c2sin(mt)]
For  l  =  0, the graph is periodic.
For l  >  0, the amplitude increases exponentially
For l < 0, the amplitude approaches 0 exponentially.
THANK YOU

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