PRESENTATION ON SUBSTATION,INCLUDING

LATEST ADVANCEMENTS
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

NEED OF SUBSTATION

TYPES OF SUBSTATION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EACH TYPE

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

MAIN PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EACH PARTS

EARTHING

CONTROL ROOM OF A SUBSTATION

SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition)
 INTRODUCTION
What is a substation?
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or
the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. A
substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between
high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
inter Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or
may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally
substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision
and control connection of two different transmission voltages.
 NEED OF A SUBSTATION
WHY DO WE NEED SUBSTATION?
We need substations for the following reasons:
 Practical Considerations:

 To satisfy load growth

 To accommodate new generation
 To maintain reliability requirements

 Technical Considerations:

 To step up or step down AC voltage using transformers

 To break the power flow
 Provide support to the power flow
TYPES OF SUBSTATION
AIS (AIR INSULATED SUBSTATION)
 AIR INSULATED SUBSTATION

The AIS uses air as the primary dielectric from phase

to phase, and phase to ground insulation. They have
been in use for years before the introduction of GIS.
Actually, most substations across all regions are AIS.
They are in extensive use in areas where space,
weather conditions, seismic occurrences, and
environmental concerns are not an issue such as rural
areas, and favourable offsite terrain.
The indoor AIS version is only used in highly
polluted areas, and saline conditions, as the air
quality is compromised.
 ADVANTAGES OF AIS:
The primary choice for areas with extensive space.

With quality design, the system is viable due to the low construction costs and
cost of switchgear.

Less construction time, thereby more suited for expedited installations

Easy maintenance as all the equipment is within view. It is easy to notice and
attend to faults.

DISADVANTAGES OF AIS:
More space is required compared to GIS.

Vulnerable to faults since the equipment are exposed to the external elements
such as human intrusion, pollution, deposition of saline particles, lightning strikes
and extreme weather conditions.

More maintenance requirements, thus leading to high costs.

The poor dielectric properties of air, as well as secondary factors such as humidity,
pollutants, moisture means that more space is required for efficacy.
TYPES OF SUBSTATION
GIS (GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION)
 GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

 In the GIS system, all the live components are enclosed in
a grounded metal enclosure, then the whole system
housed in a chamber full of gas. Gas insulated substations
(GIS) primarily use sulphur hexafluoride gas as the
primary insulator. SF6 is non-toxic, maintains atomic and
molecular properties even at high voltages, high cooling
properties, and superior arc quenching properties. In
addition, is safe. SF6 has superior dielectric properties
compared to other gases; thereby provide favourable
insulation for the phase to phase and phase to ground
moderation.
ADVANTAGES OF GIS:
The earthed metal enclosure makes for a safe working environment for the
attending personnel.

Low maintenance requirements due to expedient design and protection against

external elements.

Under scheduled maintenance, SF6 neither ages nor depletes. There is no need to
top up the gas levels throughout the equipment lifetime (approx 40 years)

Quick assembly due to extensive pre-assembly.

DISADVANTAGES OF GIS:
High installation costs compared to AIS systems.

High level of maintenance is required. This requires highly skilled personnel.

Though the gas is quite inert, flash problems can break it down into harmful by-
products such as metal fluoride powders. This poses a health hazard such as physical
asphyxiation and other respiratory problems.
 EQUIPMENTS USED IN A SUBSTATION

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
 WAVE TRAP
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT BREAKER
BUS BAR
RELAY
TRANSFORMER
LIGHTNING
ARRESTERS
A lightning arrester is a device
used on electrical power
systems and
telecommunications systems
to protect the insulation and
conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of
lightning. The typical
lightning arrester has a high-
voltage terminal and a ground
terminal. When a lightning
surge (or switching surge,
which is very similar) travels
along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the
arrestor, in most cases to
earth.
WAVE TRAP
A wave trap is a device
that allow only a
particular frequency to
pass through it that it
filters the signals
coming on to it . So a
wave trap is connected
between buses and the
transmission line which
allow only 50 Hz signal
to pass through it.
ISOLATORS
Isolator or Disconnector
is a switching device used
to disconnect some
portion of the circuit.
This is basically operated
when the load is already
Cut Off.  If operated on
Load there will be a
heavy arc produced
which will surely damage
the arms and contacts of
the isolator and can cause
heavy damage to other
devices connected on the
circuit as well.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated 
electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit
 from damage caused by
excess current from an
overload or short circuit.
Circuit breakers may also be
used in the event of pre-
existing damage to electrical
systems. Its basic function is
to interrupt current flow after
a fault is detected. Unlike a 
fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a
circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or
automatically) to resume
normal operation.
 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

ACB (AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS)

VCB (VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS)

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

ACB (AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER)
Air Circuit
Breaker (ACB) is an
electrical device used to
provide Over current
and short-
circuit protection for
electric circuits over
800 Amps to 10K Amps.
These are usually used
in low voltage
applications below 450V.
VCB(VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER)
A vacuum circuit breaker is
such kind of circuit breaker
where the arc quenching takes
place in vacuum. The
technology is suitable for
mainly medium voltage
application. For higher voltage
vacuum technology has been
developed but not
commercially viable. The
operation of opening and
closing of current carrying
contacts and associated
arc interruption take place in a
vacuum chamber in the breaker
which is called vacuum
interrupter.
SF6 CIRCUIT
BREAKER
In SF6 Circuit breaker,
sulphur hexafluoride gas is
used as the arc quenching
medium. The sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an
electronegative gas and has
a strong tendency to
absorb free electrons. ...
The gas captures the
conducting free electrons
in the arc to form relatively
immobile negative ions.
RELAYS
A relay is a low-
powered device used
to activate a high-
powered
device. Relays are
used to trigger
circuit breakers and
other switches
in substations and
transmission and
distribution
systems.
BUS BARS
In 
electric power distribution,
a bus bar  is a metallic
strip or bar, typically
housed inside switchgear, 
panel boards, and 
bus way enclosures for
local high current power
distribution. They are also
used to connect high
voltage equipment at
electrical switchyards, and
low voltage equipment in 
battery banks.
TRANSFORMERS
Electrical
power transformer is a
static device which
transforms electrical
energy from one circuit
to another without any
direct electrical
connection and with the
help of
mutual induction
between two windings.
It transforms power
from one circuit to
another without
changing its frequency
but may be in different
voltage level.
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
CURRENT TRANSFORMER POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer”
that is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding
which is proportional to the current being measured in its primary. Current
transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and
provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current
flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter. 

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
 The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer
used for the transformation of voltage from a higher value to the lower
value. This transformer step down the voltage to a safe limit value which can
be easily measured by the ordinary low voltage instrument like a voltmeter,
wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.
 MAIN PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

CONSERVATOR TANK
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
MARSHALLING BOX
TAP CHANGER
RADIATER
BREATHER
 CONSERVATOR TANK
This is a cylindrical tank
mounted on supporting
structure on the roof the
transformer main tank.
The main function of
conservator tank of
transformer is to provide
adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the
transformer.
When transformer is loaded and
when ambient temperature rises,
the volume of oil inside
transformer increases. A
conservator tank of transformer
provides adequate space to this
expanded transformer oil. It also
acts as a reservoir for
transformer insulating oil.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Buchholz relay is a type of oil
and gas actuated protection
relay universally used on all oil
immersed transformers having
rating more than 500 kVA.
Buchholz relay is not provided
in relays having rating below
500 kVA from the point of view
of economic considerations.
Buchholz relay is used for the
protection of transformers
from the faults occurring
inside the transformer. Short
circuit faults such as inter turn
faults, incipient winding
faults, and core faults may
occur due to the impulse
breakdown of the insulating
oil or simply the transformer
oil. Buchholz relay will sense
such faults and closes the
alarm circuit.
MARSHALLING BOX

Marshalling box is a
kind of panel which is
situated next to
transformer, it contains
OTI or oil temperature
indicator, WTI or
winding temperature
indicator, heater switch,
pump control switch,
fan control switch, mcb
and contractors.
TAP CHANGER
A tap changer is a mechanism
in transformers which allows
for variable turn ratios to be
selected in discrete steps.
Transformers with this
mechanism obtain this
variable turn ratio by
connecting to a number of
access points known
as taps along either the
primary or secondary winding.
Tap changers exist in two
primary types,[2] no load tap
changers (NLTC) which must
be de-energized before the
turn ratio is adjusted and on
load tap changers (OLTC)
which may adjust their turn
ratio during operation. 
RADIATER
The radiator of
transformer accelerates
the cooling rate of
transformer. Thus, it
plays a vital role in
increasing loading
capacity of an electrical
transformer. This is
basic function of
radiator of an
electrical power transfor
mer
.
BREATHER
Breathers are fitted to the
conservator tank through
which air is expelled (breathed
out) when transformer is
loaded with the losses causing
the oil temperature to increase
and expand. It consists of a
silica gel that has a
tremendous capacity of
absorbing moisture from the
air. Thus the air that reaches to
the conservator is dry. The
initial colour of the silica gel is
blue but when it absorbs
moisture it turns into pink.
 EARTHING
Why do we need earthing?

To ensure safety to personnel in substations against electrical

shocks.
To provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals
of star connected transformer winding to earth (neutral
earthing).
To discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires.
To provide ground path for surge arresters.
To provide a path for discharging the charge between phase and
ground by means of earthing switches.
CONTROL ROOM
A control room of a
substation is a room that
serves as a central space
where a large physical
facility or physically
dispersed can be
monitored and
controlled. A control
room is a part of larger
command center.
 SCADA
 SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a system
architecture that uses computers networked data communication and
graphical user interfaces for high level process supervisory
management.
 It uses other peripheral devices such as PLCs (programmable logic
controllers) and discrete PID controllers to interface with the process
or machinery.
 WHY DO WE NEED SCADA?
A large number of process occur in large industries.
Monitoring of each and every process is very complex
because each machine gives different output. The SCADA
system is used to gather the data from sensors and
instruments located in a remote area. The gathered data
is sent to the computers and the computers process this
data and presents it in a timely manner. The SCADA
system gathers the information and transfer the
information back to the system while giving alerts about
the leakage and displays the information in a organised
manner.
The SCADA system runs on DOS and UNIX operating
systems.
 CONCLUSION
From this presentation we understand:
 The latest advancements in electrical field and need
of a substation.
We also get to know about the different types of
equipments used in a substation and their functions.
Brief knowledge about power transformers and its
various parts
SCADA system and need of a scada system in a
substation
 THANK YOU

SUBMITTED BY:
• ANJANEYA