INTERNET BASICS - Unit 1

bcace136

Ms Safnaz
Lecture in Computer Science
P.A First Grade College,
Mangalore
Chapter – 1
The Internet
Introduction:
Internet is a global communication system that links together
thousands of individual networks. It allows exchange of information
between two or more computers on a network.

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order

to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications. The computers on a network may be
linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or
infrared light beams.
Evolution of Internet
 The Internet was developed in 1969, by Department of Defence(DoD) of
United States of America.
 In 1969, ARPANET (American Research Projects Agency Network) was
developed. It was the forerunner of today’s Internet.
 In 1980, National Science Foundation(NSF), created a new networks of
computer based on ARPANET, called NSFNET.
 NSFNET was more efficient and capable. It was designed to link five
super computers.
 In 1980s, Usenet newsgroups and email came into exists.
 In 1991, University of Minnesota created Gopher, a simple menu-
driven system for accessing files.
 The Internet became popular in 1990s after the development of
WWW.
 With the growth of Internet, the quality, quantity and variety of
Information also grew.
Basic Internet Terms:

 Domain
While every computer has its own unique address, every user using the Internet has a unique
address called a domain.
A domain recognizes one or more IP addresses.
An example of a domain is weather.com and is part of the URL such as https://www.weather.com.
The standard top-level domains are:

com - Commercial business

edu - Educational institutions
gov - Government agencies
mil - Military
net - Networks organization
org - Organizations (nonprofit)
 Browser
A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a computer to
access and display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and view video clips from the World
Wide Web.

 E-mail
Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail mail, e-mail sends
your messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It has the capability to send messages at
any time and to anyone.

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The standard method for downloading and uploading files over the Internet. With FTP, you can
login to a server and transfer files (meaning you can "send" or "receive" files).

 Homepage
The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a Web site that
provides the introduction or content with links.
 Internet Protocol (IP) Address
The Internet is composed of local, regional, national, and worldwide computer networks. Each computer on the
Internet can be identified by a set of unique numbers that is called an internet protocol (IP) address. The IP
address is composed of four different numbers separated by periods such as 205.134.120.60.

 Link or Hypertext Link

An underlined word(s), phrase(s), or graphics on a Web page that transports the reader to additional or related
information on the Internet.
Ex: Hyperlinked

 TelNet
A terminal emulation protocol (or Internet program) used to connect a computer to a remote host or server.
Telnet is one of the oldest Internet activities and is primarily used to access online databases or to read articles
stored on university servers.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or services on the World Wide Web. Basically the
URL is the address of a computer file that has been put on a computer server to access the Internet.
Ex: http://www.example.com/index.html

 WWW
The World Wide Web is a collection of linked documents or pages stored on millions of computers and distributed across
the world.

 Web Page
A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site.

 Website
A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which Web pages are transferred across the Internet.
 Internet Service Provider
ISP is an organization that connects its subscribers computer using modem to the internet. The
connections can be provided by telephone lines, cable lines, or wireless connections.
 Download and Upload
Download refers to the act of transmitting data from a remote computer on the Internet or networks
to one’s own computer.
Upload refers to the act of transmitting data from local computer to any other computer on the
internet or network.
 Online and Offline
The term online is commonly referred to the state of being connected to the networked computer
system or internet.
The term offline is referred to the state of not being connected to the remote computer or internet.
Getting Connected to Internet

Computer:
• 386-microprsessor chip
• 16 MB of RAM
• Color monitor with 640*480 resolution
• 200 MB of free space.
Modem:
It enables a computer to transmit data over telephone lines.
A modem(Modulator - Demodulator) Is a hardware which converts digital data into analog
signals(modulation) that can be sent over an analog telephone line and convert the analog signals
back into digital data(Demodulation).
Internal modem
External modem
Internet Connections
 Dial-up: is the access method that uses telephone lines to connect to the internet. To connect to
the internet by dialup, the user needs to specify a username, a password and a telephone number.
After the connection establishment, user can start browsing sites on the internet.
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): Transmits both data and voice over a digital line.
It as a set of communication standards to transmit data, voice, and signaling.
 Cable Modem: It connects the user to the internet through a cable television line.
Differing from other types of modems, a cable modem uses coax cable, provides
faster internet to television also.
 Leased Line: Provides high speed internet access ranging from 2.4kbps to 45 Mbps.
 It is affordable way to link two or more sites for a fixed monthly charge.
 DSL: Digital Subscriber Line service is provided through an existing telephone line, but it works
differently than regular analog modem dial-up access. It operates on a normal telephone lines and it
can be used simultaneously with telephone.

 Broadband: It is good for remote locations, where ISDN, cable or DSL are not available. It gives a
decent download speed, but to upload data user must have analog modem connected to telephone
line.

Internet Software
 TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is the basic communication protocol of
the Internet. It allows programs on user’s computer to communicate over the Internet.

 Dialler Software: This software is provided by the ISP to instruct the modem to dial the telephone
number and to identify the user’s machine to access the provider’s system for access to the network.

 Browser: Essential to use the Internet, which allows the user to view the information available on
WWW.
 IRC, Chatting &
Instant Messaging
Internet Applications
TelNet Email
Sending and receiving email
Searching and browsing information archives Internet
Telephony and
Mailing List
Copying files between computers Video
INTERNET Conferencing
Conducting financial transactions
Navigating (in your car, smart scooter)
FTP Newsgroup
Playing interactive games
Video and music streaming
Chat or voice communication (direct messaging, video conferencing) Ecommerce
o Email:
o File Transfer Protocol:
FTP is a set of rules that enables a user to send files from one system to another. It allows the
user to get access to the files stored in the directory of remote computer that is connected to the
Internet.
o TelNet:
TELecoomunication and NETwork that allows a user to log on to a remote computer. Telnet is
also known as Remote Login, which means connecting one machine to another in such a way that a
person may interact with another machine as it is being used locally.
o Internet Relay Chat(IRC):
o It allows people to communicate in real time through computer with one or more people.
o Internet Telephony:
Internet Telephony uses Internet rather than traditional telephone system, to exchange the
information. It consist of hardware and software that enables people to use the internet as
transmission medium for telephone calls.
o Video Conferencing:
 Web Camera
 Visual Display
 Audio System
 Compression
 User Interface and Control System
o E-Commerce
o Newsgroup(Usenet):
Newsgroups are International discussion groups that focus on a particular topic and helps in
gathering information about that topic.
Most newsgroups exist on a network knows as “Usenet”, which contains thousands of
newsgroups.
Data over the Internet
Data comprises the hypertext documents containing links that connects to other documents or files.
It may include animations and multimedia components.
Classification of Data:
Static Component and Dynamic Component
Static Component:
Information doesn’t interact with the user
Dynamic Component:
 Information interact with the user
 It can be done using some special programming languages (scripts) like Perl, VBScript,
JavaScript, ASP, PHP, XML, Java and so on.
Chapter – 2
Internet Tools
Web Browser:
A web browser is a software application, which provides Graphical
User Interface(GUI) so that the user can navigate the Internet easily by
clicking on menus, icons or buttons instead of learning difficult keyboard
commands.
A web browser uses HTTP protocol to request web pages from the web
server.
Web Browser Features:
 It handles requests for HTML files, interprets links, and deals with
embedded images, audio, and video elements.
 It keeps history of the websites visited.
 Saves pages
 provides the row of buttons.
 email
 supports web standards like HTML, HTTP, JavaScript, and Unicode.
 It supports multimedia data in 3 ways
 Native Support
 Plug-ins
 Helper Programs
Internet Explorer Environment:
Electronic Mail(E-Mail):
It can be defined as the process of exchanging messages electronically via
communication network, using the computer.

 Email Address Structure:

[email protected]
Login at Mail Server

Eg: [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
 Checking E-mails
 Sending E-mails
 To: It denotes to whom the mail is to be sent. The user has to write
the recipient’s e-mail address.
 Cc: Cc or Carbon copy is used to specify the address of all the
recipients who will also receive copies of the same mail. It is used to
send the same message to several people.
 Bcc: Blind Carbon Copy is used to send message to several address
without showing everyone all the address.
 Subject: It denotes the subject of the message as specified by the
sender.
 Attach Files: User can attach the files that are to be sent with the
email.
How E-mail works: SMTP-POP&IMAP
 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-mail:

Advantages Disadvantages
 The delivery of message is very fast  The recipient may or may not read the mail on time.
 The cost of e-mailing is free as it involves  The user must stay online to read and write more than
negligible amount of telephone and ISP one mail.
charges.
 Though e-mail passes through a network, it may be
 Multiple copies of same message can be sent to intercepted in between
a group of people at the same time
 the slightest error leads major failure
 Pictures, documents and other files can be
attached to messages.
Chapter – 3
Search Engines
Introduction
Search Engine searches a database of Internet files collected by a
computer program called a wanderer, crawler, or spider.
It has 4 components:
1> Spider: Program that traverses the Web from link, identifying and
reading pages.
2> Indexing Software: Program that analyses web pages that are
downloaded by spiders.
3> Database: Warehouse of WebPages downloaded and processed.
4> Search Engine Mechanism: Software that enables user to query the
index and that usually returns results.
Refining the Search
 AND: It is used to search for two or more terms on the same page.
Type the word AND between the terms (eg: poverty + crime) (poverty
AND crime)
 OR : It is used to search either of two or more terms on the same. page.
Type the word OR between the terms (eg: College OR university)
 NOT: It is used to search for pages that include the first term but
not second.
Type the word NOT between the terms (eg: cats NOT dogs) (cats - dogs)
 “ “: used to search for an exact phrase. (eg: “desktop wallpapers”)
 (): used to group parts of the search phrases. Eg: type desktop
AND(themes OR wallpapers)
 *: used to search for various forms of word. Eg: com* returns pages
with the words comedy, computer, compress etc.
Instant Messaging:
Is a web based service to exchange messages in real time between
two or more people over the Internet. It is the combination of e-mail and
chat room.
To send and receive instant messages, internet connection along
with
Instant messaging software (instant messengers) required.
Features of Messengers:
 Chatting
 Audible
 Smileys
 Games
 Address Book
Thank you