PRACTICAL-1

Domain : Fuzzy Logic

Application : Pattern Recognition
Problem : Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)
PREAPRED BY : KANSARA
KINJAL
ID NO : 19CE054
GUIDED BY: Assi. Prof. DHAVAL
BHOI
CONTENTS

What Is AI?

Fuzzy Logic

How Fuzzy Logic Works?

Advantage & Disadvantage Of Fuzzy Logic

Use Cases Of Fuzzy Logic

Pattern Recognition

Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)

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 What Is AI?
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is a
wide-ranging branch of
computer science concerned
with building smart machines
capable of performing tasks
that typically require human
intelligence.
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 FUZZY LOGIC
 A fuzzy logic system works on the
principle of assigning a particular
output depending on the
probability of the state of the
input.
 The concept of deciding the
output is based on assumptions. It
works based on sets. Each set
represents some variables defining 4
the possible state of the output.
 Fuzzy Logic Architecture
The fuzzy logic architecture consists of four main
parts:

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How Fuzzy Logic
Works?  The temperature sensor measures
the temperature values of the
rooms. The obtained values are
taken and then given to the
fuzzifier.
 The fuzzifier assigns variables for
each measured value and the rate
of change of measured value.

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 How Fuzzy Logic
Works?
 For example, if Room is too hot AND the room is getting heated up
rapidly, then set the fan speed to High.
 If Room is too hot AND the room is getting heated up slowly, then
set the fan speed to less than High.
 The next step involves converting this linguistic output variable
into numerical variables or logical variables used to drive the fan 
motor driver.
 The final step involves controlling the fan speed by giving proper
input to the fan motor driver.
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 Advantage & Disadvantage Of Fuzzy
Logic
Advantage Of Fuzzy Logic Disadvantage Of Fuzzy Logic
• The structure of Fuzzy Logic Systems • Fuzzy logic is not always accurate. As
is easy and understandable. the results are based on assumptions and
may not be widely accepted.
• Fuzzy logic is widely used
for commercial and practical purposes. • It cannot recognize machine learning as-
well-as neural network type patterns.
• It helps you to control machines and
consumer products. • Validation and Verification of a fuzzy
knowledge-based system needs extensive
• Inexpensive sensors can be used which testing with hardware.
helps you to keep the overall system cost
and complexity low. • Setting exact, fuzzy rules and,
membership functions is a difficult task
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 Use Case Of Fuzzy
 Logic
Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language processing and
various intensive applications in Artificial Intelligence.
 It is extensively used in modern control systems such as
expert systems.
 Fuzzy Logic mimics how a person would make decisions,
much faster. Thus, you can use it with Neural Networks.

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Fuzzy Logic Real – World
Application
 Aerospace Application
Fuzzy logic has been used in numerous
applications such as:
 Industrial Sector
• Facial pattern recognition,
 Medical • Air conditioners,
 Finance • Washing machines,
• Vacuum cleaners,
 Electronics • Transmission systems,
 Securities
• Control of subway systems
• Knowledge-based systems for multi
 Pattern Recognition and Classification objective optimization of power
systems.

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 Pattern Recognition
 Pattern recognition is the process of
recognizing patterns by using a
machine learning algorithm.
 Pattern recognition can be defined as
the classification of data based on
knowledge already gained or on
statistical information extracted from
patterns and/or their representation.
 One of the important aspects of pattern
recognition is its application potential.  11
 Pattern Recognition Explanation
 In a typical pattern recognition application, the raw data is processed
and converted into a form that is amenable for a machine to use.

 Pattern recognition solves classification problems.

 Pattern recognition solves the problem of fake biometric detection.

 It is useful for cloth pattern recognition for visually impaired blind

people.

 We can recognize particular objects from different angles. 12

Travelling
Salesman
Problem [TSP]
 TRAVELLING SALESMAN
 The travellingPROBLEM [TSP]
salesman problem consists of a sale
person(salesman ) and a group of cities . In which salesmen have
to travel.
 The salesmen have to select a starting point  (starting city) and
then have to visit all the cities and have to return to the starting
point (where he started).
 So, what we want do here is minimize the total path (length of
path) or travel cost by salesman.
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 Travelling Salesman Problem
 Description
The TSP can be defined as follows: for a given list of cities and the distances
between each pair of them, we want to find the shortest possible route that
goes to each city once and returns to the origin city.

 There is a class of Traveling Salesman Problems that assumes that the

distance of going from city i to city j is the same as going form city j to
city i , this type of Travelling Salesman Problem is also known as the
symmetric.

 Travelling Salesman Problem. In this example, we use Euclidean distances,

but the TSP model formulation is valid independent of the way in which the
individual distances are determined.
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Example
 The following graph shows a set of cities and
distance between every pair of cities-

 If salesman starting city is A, then a TSP tour

in the graph is-
A→B →D→C→A
 
Cost of the tour
= 10 + 25 + 30 + 15
= 80 units

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 SOLUTION APPROACH
 Mathematical programming is a declarative approach where the modeler formulates a
mathematical optimization model that captures the key aspects of a complex decision problem.

 A mathematical optimization model has five components, namely:

• Sets and indices.

• Parameters.
• Decision variables.
• Objective function(s).
• Constraints.

 We now present a MIP formulation of the TSP that identifies the shortest route that goes to all
the cities once and returns to the origin city.

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 Problem Characteristics
TSP Problem characteristic Satisfied Reason

Is this problem No One game have single solution.

decomposable?
Can solution steps be ignored Yes -
or undone?
Is the problem universe Yes -

Predictable?

Is a good solution absolute or Absolute Absolute solution : once you get one solution
relative? you do need to bother about other possible
solution.
Relative solution : once you get one solution you
have to find another possible solution to check
which solution to check which solution is
best( i.e. low cost).
By considering this TSP is absolute.
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TSP Problem characteristic Satisfied Reason

Is this solution a state or path? path Is this solution a state ore path to a state?
-For natural language understanding , some of
the words have different interpretations .
therefore sentences may Cause ambiguity.
So in the TSP(goal state) describe path to state.

What is the role of knowledge? - Lot of knowledge helps to constrain the search
for a solution.
Does the task require human- No Conversational
interaction? in which there is intermediate communication
between a person and the computer , either to
provide additional assistance to the computer or
to provide additional information to the user or
both.

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