Complex Numbers

Reporter # 4: JEAN DE PABLO BSED 1 - MATH

 The letter i represents the numbers whose square is –1.
i2 = –1
i =  1 Imaginary unit

If a is a positive real number, then the principal square root of

negative a is the imaginary number i a .
a = i a
Examples:  4 = i 4 = 2i
 36 = i 36 = 6i

A complex number is a number of the form a + bi, where a and

b are real numbers and i =  1 .
The number a is the real part of a + bi, and b is the imaginary part.

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 Examples of complex numbers:
Real Part Imaginary Part
a + bi
2 + 7i
20 – 3i
Real Numbers: a + 0i Imaginary Numbers: 0 + bi
Simplify: 1.  90 = i 90 = i 9 • 10 = 3i 10
2.  64 = i 64 = 8i
3. 16 +  50
= 16 + i  50 a + bi form
= 16 + i 25 • 2 Simplify using the product property of
radicals.
= 4 + 5i 2

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 To add or subtract complex numbers:

1. Write each complex number in the form a + bi.

2. Add or subtract the real parts of the complex numbers.

3. Add or subtract the imaginary parts of the complex numbers.

(a + bi ) + (c + di ) = (a + c) + (b + d )i

(a + bi ) – (c + di ) = (a – c) + (b – d )i

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 Examples: Add (11 + 5i) + (8 – 2i )
= (11 + 8) + (5i – 2i ) Group real and imaginary terms.

= 19 + 3i a + bi form

Add (10 +  5 ) + (21 –  5 )

= (10 + i 5 ) + (21 – i 5 ) i = 1

= (10 + 21) + (i 5 – i 5) Group real and imaginary terms.

= 31 a + bi form

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 Examples: Subtract: (– 21 + 3i ) – (7 – 9i)
= (– 21 – 7) + [(3 – (– 9)]i Group real and
imaginary terms.
= (– 21 – 7) + (3i + 9i)
= –28 + 12i a + bi form

Subtract: (11 +  16 ) – (6 +  9 )
= (11 + i 16 ) – (6 + i 9 ) Group real and
imaginary terms.
= (11 – 6) + [ 16 – 9 ]i
= (11 – 6) + [ 4 – 3]i
=5+i a + bi form

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 The product of two complex numbers is defined as:

(a + bi)(c + di ) = (ac – bd ) + (ad + bc)i

1. Use the FOIL method to find the product.

2. Replace i2 by – 1.

3. Write the answer in the form a + bi.

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 Examples: 1.  25 •  5 = i 25 • i 5
= 5i • i 5
= 5i2 5
= 5 (–1) 5
= –5 5
2. 7i (11– 5i) = 77i – 35i2
= 77i – 35 (– 1)
= 35 + 77i
3. (2 + 3i)(6 – 7i ) = 12 – 14i + 18i – 21i2
= 12 + 4i – 21i2
= 12 + 4i – 21(–1)
= 12 + 4i + 21
= 33 + 4i
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 The complex numbers a + bi and a - bi are called
conjugates.

The product of conjugates is the real number a2 + b2.

(a + bi)(a – bi) = a2 – b2i2
= a2 – b2(– 1)
= a2 + b2
Example: (5 + 2i)(5 – 2i) = (52 – 4i2)
= 25 – 4 (–1)
= 29

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 Dividing Complex Numbers
A rational expression, containing one or more complex numbers,
is in simplest form when there are no imaginary numbers
remaining in the denominator.
7  9i
Example:
6i
7  9i • i i
 Multiply the expression by .
6i i i
2
7i  9i

6i 2
7i  3(–1) Replace i2 by –1 and simplify.

6(–1)
3  7i 1 7
    i Write the answer in the form a + bi.
6 2 6
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 Simplify: 5  3i
2 i
5  3i • 2  i Multiply the numerator and
 denominator by the conjugate of 2 + i.
2  i 2i
10  5 i 6 i 3 i 2 In 2 + i, a = 2 and b = 1.

2 2  12 a2 + b2 = 22 + 12

10  i  3(–1) Replace i2 by –1 and simplify.


4 1
13  i

5
13 1 Write the answer in the form
  i
5 5 a + bi.

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