Chapter sev en

Social and Econom ic Fact or s of

Digit al Lib rar ies

2
nd
y ear Inf ormati on Sc ienc e Dep ’t INSC2 092

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lessons outline

 Factors for building digital libraries:

 Social & economic factors
 Security issues for building digital libraries
 Future technologies for digital libraries:
 Web 2.0 & library 2.0
 Digital preservation

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 There are significant social and economic factors
that need to be considered in the development of
digital libraries.
 Social and economic factors are no fewer
complexes and challenging than the technology
factor of digital libraries.

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 Social Factors

 Web and DL alter information flows in the society.

 Users
 Access much more information
 Expect much more
 Deliver information faster
 Copy, paste, forward (more often).
 Information rich / information poor?

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Social Factors cont’d…

 Institutions
 Under the pressure to deliver contents in digital
form (with or without economic benefits):-
 Publishers
 Database vendors
 Bookstores
 Libraries
 Governments
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Human Factors of Digital Libraries

 The creation of community-based digital libraries

demands an assessment of the information needs,
situational attributes, and socio-cultural contexts of
the people who live in the local area served.

Economic Factors :
 Economic impacts of digital libraries
 Pricing digital library services

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 cont’d…

 Who are users of Digital Libraries?

 What do users really want from digital libraries?
 Do Digital Libraries need librarians?
 What are the roles that humans play in digital
libraries?

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 Who are users?

 Towards every-citizen’s Digital libraries

 Law libraries are not just for law professionals only.
 Doctors and patients are accessing to same digital
Libraries with different levels of understanding.
 Adults and children use same digital libraries for their
information needs
 What social, demographic, or other variables should be
considered in digital library design?
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 What do users really want?

 Access from anywhere

 Off-campus/on campus/general public
 Full text/primary resources
 Help with filtering, summarizing, abstracting, and
interpreting.
 Information that solves their problems.
 Life-long learning opportunity
 Learning and collaboration.
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Who are digital librarians?

 The librarian as enhanced service provider

 The librarian as guru of copyright or, in the electronic
age, of licensing and electronic redistribution.
 The librarian as system interface designer.

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Examples of Technical skill list

 Imaging technologies;
 Optical character recognition
 Markup languages, including XML
 Cataloging and metadata
 Indexing and DB technology
 User interface design
 Programming
 Web technology and
 Project management.

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 Examples of people skill lists

 Capacity to learn constantly and quickly;

 Flexibility
 Innate skepticism;
 Propensity to take risks;
 Abiding public service perspective;
 Good interpersonal skills;
 Skill at enabling and fostering change; and
 Capacity for and desire to work independently.

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 Security, privacy, and Intellectual property in DL

 Security:- is an important issue in digital library

design.
 Security weaknesses in digital libraries, coupled with
attacks or other types of failures, can lead to
confidential information being inappropriately
accessed, or loss of integrity of the data stored.

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 cont’d…

 There are many security requirements to consider

because of the variety of different actors working with
a digital library. Each of these actors has different
security needs:
 digital library content provider:-it might be
concerned with protecting intellectual property rights
and the terms of use of content,

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 cont’d…

 digital library user:- it might be concerned with

reliable access to content stored in the digital library.
 The security architecture of a digital library must be
designed so that security concerns are handled
holistically.

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 Security issues with digital libraries.

 There are 6 main concepts in a digital library universe:

1) Content

2) User

3) Functionality

4) Architecture

5) Quality and

6) Policy. Each of these concepts has security issues that affect it.

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 cont’d…

1. Content:-
 The content of a digital library includes the information
objects that a digital library provides to the users.
Some of the security issues involved are integrity and
access control.

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 cont’d…

2. User :-
 The User in a digital library refers to the various actors
(whether human or machine) entitled to interact with
digital libraries.
 Digital libraries connect the different actors with the
information they have and allow the users to consume
old or generate new information.

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 cont’d…

3. Functionality:-
 The concept of functionality encompasses the services
that a Digital Library offers to its users
 The minimum functions of a Digital Library include
adding new objects to the library or searching and
browsing the library and other functions relating to
DL management.

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 cont’d…

4. Architecture:-
 Digital libraries are complex forms of information
systems, interoperable across different libraries and so
require an architectural framework mapping content
and functionality onto software and hardware
components

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 cont’d…

5. Quality:-
 The content and behavior of a Digital Library is
characterized and evaluated by quality parameters.
 Quality:- is a concept not only used to classify
functionality and content, but also used with objects
and services.

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 cont’d…

 Some of the parameters are automatically

measured and are objective while others are
considered subjective some are measured through
user evaluations.

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 cont’d…

6. Policy:-
 is the concept that represents the different regulations
and conditions that govern the interaction between
the Digital Library and users.
 Policy supports both extrinsic and intrinsic
interactions and their definition and modification.

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 cont’d…

 Examples of security issues relating to policies

include:-
 Providing digital rights management
 privacy and confidentiality of the content and users
 Defining user behavior and collection delivery.

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 Copyrights and Open access

Copyrights:-
 The Copyright issues that pertain to the legitimate operation of a
DL are
 complex and usually difficult to resolve once a dispute arose.

 Intellectual Property has always been in the crossroads of conflicting

interests among the creators, right-holders, and the general

public, and it has always been create a problem to balance
among conflicting copyright-related interests.

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Open Access

 It means the free availability of literature and works of

authorship, audiovisual works etc on the public. and
Internet, permitting any users to read, download,
copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts
of these articles.

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Quiz
1. What is the difference between copyright and open
access?
2. Write social and economic factors of digital library?

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 Digital Preservation

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Digital Preservation

 Digital preservation :- is the active management of

digital information over time to ensure its
accessibility.
 It is the set of processes and activities that ensure
continued access to information and all kinds of
records, scientific and cultural heritage existing in
digital formats.

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 Cont’d…

 Preservation of digital information is widely considered

to require more constant and ongoing attention than
preservation of other media.
 This constant input of effort, time, and money to
handle rapid technological and organizational advance
is considered a major stumbling block for preserving
digital information.

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 Digital repositories

 A digital repository:- is a managed, persistent way of making

research, learning and teaching content with continuing value
discoverable and accessible.
 A repository can support research, learning, and administrative
processes. They are commonly used for open access research
outputs

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 Institutional repositories

 An Institutional Repository is an online repositories

for collecting, preserving, and disseminating - in
digital form - the intellectual output of an
institution, particularly a research institution.

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 cont’d…

 The four main objectives for having an institutional

repository are:
 To provide open access to institutional research output by self-
archiving it.
 To create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research.
 To collect content in a single location
 To store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including
unpublished or otherwise easily lost ("grey") literature (e.g.,
theses or technical reports).

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 Future Technology and Digital Libraries

Web 2.0
 Web 2.0 is an emerging technology and it is developed form of
Web technology.
 Web 2.0 sites tend to use emerging technology to design web tools
that promote interactivity. It is simply a description of what is
happening.
 Web 2.0 sites promote interactivity between sites, user and
browser. We called it an “Architecture of Participation.”

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 Cont’d…..

Web 2.0 is Internet communication and productivity tools that are:

 User-Centered

 Collaborative

 Social

 Interactive

 Content-rich

 Multi-media-rich

 De-centralized (control)

Current Best Web 2.0 – WOW!

http://www.realsoftwaredevelopment.com/2006/10/best_of_the_bes.html

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 Manifestations of web 2.0 includes:

Wikis

Mashups

Blogs

RSS

FAQ

Instant Messaging

Social Networks

Web-based software

Widgets

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Library 2.0

 Library 2.0 is a system in which use of web2.0 for

creation, collection, storage, process, communication
and retrieval.
 In general we can say that the library 2.0 is a new
technology for the promote and development of library
services with the help of web technologies.

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 Features of Library 2.0

 Library 2.0 make interaction between library and users.

 A more interactive library websites
 E-content
 Library blogs, RSS feeds, wikis
 Chat referencing/ instant messaging
 Web OPAC/ILS interface,
 Multi-media-rich tutorials and multiple databases and medias.
 Bibliographic instruction broadened to
 information tools instruction
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Advantages of Library 2.0

 Up-to-date and innovative information

 Quick communication
 User feedback is very useful for library.
 Library 2.0 could be maintained by single persons
who have technical knowledge about web technology.

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Challenges

 Understanding the technologies

 Understanding our younger and our more progressive
users
 Separating trend from substance
 Accepting and participating in change but not change
for change’s sake

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 +++
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