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Building Science-II: - Mukul Swami

This document provides an overview of architectural acoustics from its origins in ancient Greek and Roman structures to modern developments. It discusses key figures like Wallace Clement Sabine who established the theoretical foundations of the field in the late 19th century. The summary defines key acoustical concepts like amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and sound wave propagation. Architectural acoustics aims to achieve good sound quality within buildings through the study of intelligibility, privacy, music quality, noise control and vibration reduction.

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Udit Nyati
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34 views

Building Science-II: - Mukul Swami

This document provides an overview of architectural acoustics from its origins in ancient Greek and Roman structures to modern developments. It discusses key figures like Wallace Clement Sabine who established the theoretical foundations of the field in the late 19th century. The summary defines key acoustical concepts like amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and sound wave propagation. Architectural acoustics aims to achieve good sound quality within buildings through the study of intelligibility, privacy, music quality, noise control and vibration reduction.

Uploaded by

Udit Nyati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

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BAR07103

Building
Science-II
-Mukul Swami
Assistant Professor
Definition

• “Acoustics” is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός (akoustikos), meaning“


of or for hearing, ready to hear”
• is a branch of physics
• deals with study of all kinds of mechanical wave sin any medium
• It was Aristotle who first established the relation that anything that vibrates can
produce sound dates back to (384–322 BC).
• Architectural acoustics recognized as a science just over a century
Architectural Acoustics

• The scientific know how to achieve a good sound within a space(building)


• Involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, noise
control and vibration reduction within the built environment.

• Historical Overview
• Earliest meeting places were open are as in natural forms Epidaurus 330BC, Flavian
Amphitheatre 71AD, Circus Maximus, Hippodrome
• Understanding of the directional nature of human voice
• Seating arrangements were made in concentric semi-circles in front of speakers for
best audibility.
Architectural Acoustics

Early Greek
• Earliest outdoor amphitheaters
• Seating plan: segmented circle, more than 180°,mostly on hill-sides facing the sea.
• Theories followed: wind carried the sound, specific material requirement
• Steeply raked seats, low background noise Resulted in increased intelligibility
(clarity)
Architectural Acoustics

Early Greek
• Earliest outdoor amphitheaters
• Seating plan: segmented circle, more than 180°,mostly on hill-sides facing the sea.
• Theories followed: wind carried the sound, specific material requirement
• Steeply raked seats, low background noise Resulted in increased intelligibility
(clarity)
Architectural Acoustics

Early Roman
• Seating arc limited to 180°.
• Used arch features instead of hill slopes
• Added a stage house (skiene) behind the actors, a raised seating area (proskenion),
hung awnings (valeria) to shade the patrons Ex: Aspendius Roman theatre, Turkey
Architectural Acoustics

Early Christian

Basilican church of St. Peter, Rome, 330AD.


• High central nave with two parallel aisle on either side.
• Aisles separated by colonnade which supported upper
walls.
• Low pitched roof, ending in an apse.
• Preceded by atrium.
Highly reverberant
• Pace and form of music had to adjust to the
architecture to be comprehended.
• The simple melodic line, the sound blending from chants
in such spaces were beautiful.
Wallace Clement Sabine

Acoustical correction of Fogg Lecture Hall(1896)


• Knowledge of the acoustical behavior of rooms had not
yet been set out in quantitative form.
• Successful halls were designed using incremental
changes from previously constructed rooms.
• It was all experimental -termed as “bizarre science” by
the Architect of Paris Opera House.
• Theoretical beginnings of architectural acoustics started
by the young physics professor at Harvard College
• Father of Acoustical sciences: Wallace Clement Sabine
(1868–1919)
• Key discovery was that the product of the total
absorption and the reverberation time was a constant.
Definition of Sound

Learning Objective:
• Develop the basic understanding of sound propagation
• Establish the fundamental parameters of sound wave
from generalised wave equation

Objective / Physical Definition


• Sound is a form of energy. It travels in waves through
elastic media and causes fluctuation of pressure and
particle displacement.

Subjective / Physiological Definition


• Sound is an auditory sensation produced
by stimulation of the organ of hearing,
evoked by physical fluctuation of pressure
in media.
Types of Wave Motion

Longitudinal Wave
In a Longitudinal Wave the particle displacement
is parallel to the direction of wave
propagation.
• Motion of a Spring
• Sound Wave
• P-Wave

Transverse Wave
In a Transverse Wave the particle displacement is
perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation
• Motion of a String
• Water Ripples
• S-Wave
• Electromagnetic Wave
Wallace Clement Sabine

• Time period is the time taken for a complete revolution


(2 π radians) with angular velocity ω
• T = Time period = (2π/ω)

• A= Amplitude
• ω = Circular frequency (rad/sec)
• t = time
• ω t = angular movement after time ‘t’
The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation in
a propagating wave motion, measured from
the position of equilibrium is called Amplitude

The extent of a vibration between the Crest to the


position of equilibrium in a propagating wave
motion is called Peak-Amplitude

The extent of a vibration between the Crest to


Trough in a propagating wave motion is called
Peak-to-Peak Amplitude
Frequency

Frequency describes the number of complete wave cycle that pass a fixed point in
unit time.
Usually frequency is measured in cycles per second (CPS ) or hertz unit, named in
honor of the 19th-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Wavelength

The distance between two successive crests or troughs, or the distance of a


complete cycle of a wave propagation of in the direction of wave motion is
called Wavelength.

• v = Velocity of Propagation
• v = No. of Cycle per second X length of each Cycle
• v= Frequency (n)X Wave-Length (λ)
• v=n.λ
Nomogram of Frequency and Wave Length
Sound wave Propagation
Bibliography

1.Acoustics in the Built Environment, Duncan Templeton, Architectural Press;


2ndEdition
2.Architectural Acoustics, K.B. Genn, Burel & Kjaer, 2ndEdition
3.Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Walter T. Grondzik, Alison G.
Kwok, Benjamin Stein and John S. Reynolds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (11thEdition)
[Part-IV]
4. Concepts in Architectural Acoustics, M. David Egan, Publisher:McGraw-Hill Inc.
5. Architectural Acoustics by M. Long, Elsevier Academic Press
6. Acoustics Of Gothic Churches, PACS reference: 43.55 GxMeyer,
Jürgenhttps://en.wikipedia.org
SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

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Thank You
-Astha Singh
Assistant Professor

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